| Phytochemistry | E. alsinoides | C. pluricaulis | | Carbohydrates | | D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45]. | | Proteins and amino acids | Ergot alkaloids[49, 50]. | Proteins and amino acids [44, 45]. | | Alkaloids | Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58]. | Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62]. | | Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil | Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13].
Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69]. | Volatile oil[62], fatty acids, fatty alcohols & hydrocarbons, myristic acid (30.9%), palmitic acid (66.8 %) and linoleic acid (2.3%), straight chain hydrocarbon, hextriacontane[70, 71]. | Phenolics/Glycosides/
Triterpenoid/Steroids | Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82]. | Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84]. | | Plant growth regulator | Phytohormones[16] | |
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