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Original Experimental Research
Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine: Volume 6   June, 2008   Number 6

DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080617
Electroacupuncture protects the brain against acute ischemic injury via up-regulation of delta-opioid receptor in rats
1. Xue-song TIAN (National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China )
2. Fei ZHOU (National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China )
3. Ru YANG (National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China )
4. Ying XIA (Shanghai Research Center for Acumoxibustion and Meridians, Shanghai 201203, China )
5. Gen-chen WU (National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China )
6. Jing-chun GUO (National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China E-mail: guojch@yahoo.com.cn)

Objective: To explore the effect of δ-opioid receptor (DOR) in electroacupuncture (EA) protecting the brain against acute ischemic injury.

Methods: Fifty-one rats were randomly divided into sham ischemia group, ischemia group, sham EA group, EA group, and EA+DOR antagonist (naltrindole) group. Transient focal cerebral ischemia (1 hour) was induced in rat brain by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. EA was applied on Shuigou (GV 26) and Neiguan (PC 6) for 30 min, starting immediately after the onset of reperfusion. Neurological deficit scores and volume of cerebral infarction were detected after 24-hour reperfusion. Other 12 rats were randomly divided into sham ischemia group, ischemia group, EA group and EA+naltrindole group. DOR protein expressions were assessed by Western blotting after 24-hour reperfusion.

Results: In comparison with the ischemia group and sham EA group, EA significantly reduced ischemic infarction and neurological deficits (P<0.05); EA significantly increased the expression of 60 kD DOR protein (P<0.05) and tended to increase that of 36 kD DOR protein (P>0.05). When naltrindole was combined with EA, the naltrindole completely abolished the EA-induced protection in ischemic infarction and neurological deficits, and also arrested the expression of DOR.

Conclusion: EA can up-regulate DOR expression and protect the brain from ischemia-reperfusion injury.

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Tian XS, Zhou F, Yang R, Xia Y, Wu GC, Guo JC. J Chin Integr Med/Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2008; 6(6): 632-638. Received March 11, 2008; published online June 15, 2008. Free full text (PDF) is available at www.jcimjournal.com.  Indexed/abstracted in and full text link-out at PubMed. Forward linking and reference linking via CrossRef. DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080617

 

Correspondence: Jing-chun GUO, MD, Associate Professor; Tel: 021-54237231; E-mail: guojch@yahoo.com.cn

 

基金项目: 国家973计划中医理论基础研究专项(No. 2005CB523306);上海市科委基金资助项目(No. 06DZ19734; 04DZ19836; 05DZ19745);复旦大学第六批研究生创新基金资助项目; 美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)项目 (No.HD-34852); 国家自然科学基金资助项目 (No.30672721

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     研究表明,电针(electroacupuncture, EA)可减轻急性缺血性脑损伤1, 2。但是,由于脑缺血发病机制以及针刺调整效应的复杂性,电针抗脑缺血的机制尚不明了。近来的研究发现,δ-阿片受体(delta-opioid receptor, DOR)对缺血缺氧神经元起着重要的保护作用3-8,并参与电针抗急性缺血性脑损伤的作用9,并且DOR的密度可能与神经元缺血缺氧的耐受性有关5-7。这些结果使我们想到:电针是否通过调节DOR的表达而减轻缺血缺氧性脑损伤?为检验该假说,本实验拟在大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO)所致局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型上,观察电针对大鼠神经功能、脑梗死体积和DOR蛋白表达的影响,以探讨DOR蛋白表达在电针抗急性脑缺血损伤中的作用。

 
  

1   材料与方法
1.1   主要试剂与仪器   DOR拮抗剂naltrindole、荧光染料DiIfluorescentdye 1,19-dioctadecyl-6,69-di(4-sulfophenyl)-3,3,39, 39-tetramet hylindocarbocyanine)、β-actin单克隆抗体均购自Sigma公司。兔多克隆抗DOR抗体1560、辣根过氧化物酶-抗兔IgG购自Chemicon公司。电化学发光荧光显影剂购自Santa Cruz公司,水合氯醛购自上海试剂一厂。血气分析仪(990,瑞士AVL公司),图像分析系统(Q570,德国Leica公司),立体定向仪(Narishige ST-7, 日本Scientific Instrument Lab),荧光显微镜(DM IRB, 德国Leica公司),EA治疗仪(G6805-II,上海医疗仪器厂),激光多普勒血流仪(PeriFlux5000,瑞典Perimed公司),28号针灸针、1 000 Ω电阻和XJ4210A型示波器(上海新建仪器设备有限公司)。
1.2   动物分组   63只雄性SD大鼠,由中国科学院上海实验动物中心提供,清洁级,合格证号为SCXK(沪)2003-0003,体质量(230±5g,自由进食,正常光照。其中51只大鼠中48只按随机数字表法分成4组:假电针组、模型组、电针组、naltrindole+电针组,每组12只。剩余3只大鼠为假手术组。另外12只大鼠分为假手术组、模型组、电针组、naltrindole+电针组,用于蛋白印迹法检测DOR
1.3   侧脑室给药及大脑中动脉线栓模型   大鼠固定于立体定向仪,参照大鼠脑图谱10,在前囟后0.2 mm,旁开1.4 mm,深4.0 mmP0.2R1.4H4.0)处缓慢匀速(2 μl/min)注射10 μl无菌人工脑脊液或naltrindole20 nmol naltrindole溶解于10 μl无菌人工脑脊液中),留针10 min后缓慢拔针,然后迅速行MCAO术(从药物注射完成到MCAO成功共计30 min)。naltrindole注射20 nmol(浓度2 mmol/L),荧光染料DiI 注射2 μl (2 mg/ml)以确定注射部位的准确性。

     造模采用线栓法栓塞大鼠右侧大脑中动脉。大鼠用水合氯醛麻醉(360 mg/kg,腹腔注射)。短暂性MCAO模型详见本实验室以前文章所述11。手术步骤:行颈部正中切口,暴露右侧颈内动脉与颈外动脉分叉处,将头端烫圆的4-0号尼龙外科手术缝合线(美国Davis-Geck公司)插入,上行至大脑中动脉入口处,堵塞大脑中动脉血流,缺血1 h后退出尼龙线即为再灌注。术前禁食12 h,清醒后回笼,自由进食。假手术组手术步骤同缺血组,但尼龙线不入颅。在整个手术期间,控制直肠温度在(37±0.5;应用血气分析仪检测二氧化碳分压、氧分压和pH等,分析大鼠生理状态。
1.4   皮层局部脑血流记录   用骨钻于前囟后1.5 mm,旁开4.5 mm处(紧贴帽状腱膜)钻孔,暴露皮层,将激光多普勒血流仪配套的光纤探头插入骨孔,固定探头使其与皮层表面垂直,记录皮层局部脑血流的数值12。每分钟记录1组稳定脑血流值,从缺血前开始,连续纪录至再灌注30 min止。资料分析时,以缺血前的脑血流值为基础血流值,计算缺血中以及再灌后不同时程局部脑血流数值百分比。
1.5   电针方法   根据中国针灸学会实验针灸研究会制订的动物针灸穴位图谱1328号针灸针刺入左侧水沟和内关实施电针。电针治疗采用疏密波和交流电,用示波器对其强度进行监控。电针参数:疏波频率3.85 Hz,持续1.28 s;密波频率6.25 Hz,持续2.08 s;电流强度0.8 mA。以引起大鼠前肢肌肉、胡须轻微抖动而不嘶叫为宜。假电针为针刺入大鼠穴位不予通电14。电针于再灌注时开始,持续30 min
1.6   神经功能缺损评分   大鼠再灌注24 h后,对大鼠神经功能缺损进行评分115分:轻提大鼠尾将其悬至距地面1 m处,双前肢伸向地面且无其他神经病学特征;4分:对侧前肢持续弯曲,程度由轻度前肢弯曲、肩关节内收到完全的前肢弯曲及肩关节内旋;3分:将鼠置于软塑封纸上,使其前爪可以牢牢抓住,拉住鼠尾在其肩膀后轻轻侧推,前肢侧划数英寸,重复数次,瘫痪侧抵抗侧推的能力下降;2分:鼠放在地面上拉其尾时,向瘫痪侧旋转;1分:鼠被放在地面上自由行动时向瘫痪侧旋转;0分:鼠被放在地面上无自发活动。
1.7   脑梗死体积检测   水合氯醛麻醉。4%多聚甲醛(paraformaldehyde, PFA50 ml灌注30 min,将鼠脑取出。4% PFA后固定6 h后,依次浸于20%蔗糖溶液(4% PFA配制)和30%蔗糖溶液(0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液配制)中脱水,切片,脑片厚度为30 μm。储存于原位杂交保护液中,-20 ℃保存。

     参照大鼠脑立体定位图谱10选取前囟前1.60 mm 到前囟后4.80 mm脑片断面。每隔450 μm取一张脑片,贴于明胶包被的载玻片上,室温晾干后37 ℃烘干。梯度乙醇脱水,在0.25%焦油紫液中染色2~3 min,常规脱水、脱脂,中性树脂封片。用Q570图像分析系统,确定脑缺血梗死区面积,并计算梗死灶体积。计算公式

11:V=(Ai+Ai+1)/2×h

      其中V代表梗死体积,Ai代表第i层断面梗死灶面积,A(i+1)代表第i+1层断面梗死灶面积,h代表脑片厚度。通过计算V梗死灶/V全脑比值以校正大鼠脑的个体差异及脑水肿造成的偏差,用百分率表示。
1.8   脑组织DOR蛋白检测   取大鼠脑内纹状体组织加入0.5 ml2% 3-3-(胆酰胺丙基)二甲氨基]丙磺酸内盐(CHAPS)裂解缓冲液15(2% CHAPS10 mmol/L磷酸三钠、1% 脱氧胆酸钠、 0.15 mol/L氯化钠、蛋白酶抑制剂,pH 7.2),超声匀浆,15 000 r/min4 ℃离心30 min,取上清液,获得细胞总蛋白质,Bradford法测定蛋白质含量。制备10% SDS-聚丙烯凝胶,加样(蛋白30 μg)电泳分离,电转移至PVDF膜。印迹膜封闭1 h 后,加入5%奶粉TBST缓冲液稀释的兔抗大鼠DOR抗体(12 000),室温孵育1 h4 ℃过夜,TBST洗膜3次,加入辣根过氧化物酶-抗兔IgG12 000)室温孵育1 hTBST洗膜3次,膜上加电化学发光荧光显影剂,在暗室内压片(Kodak公司)。同法显示β-actin条带。
1.9   统计学方法   计量资料数据以`x±s`x表示。多组结果比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA)LSD方法进行两两比较。P<0.05被认为具有统计学差异。

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2     
2.1   大鼠皮层局部脑血流记录
   脑缺血发生后,顶叶皮层局部脑血流值骤然下降,约为缺血前血流值的30%以下。在缺血持续的1 h内,该处血流值基本稳定在此低水平,再灌后与正常脑血流相比仍然处于较低的血流水平,证明造模成功。其相应的脑梗死程度进入统计范围。见图1

 

1   模型组大鼠皮层局部脑血流变化

Figure 1   Temporal changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the ischemic brain

2.2  
各组大鼠脑细胞形态和梗死体积比率   脑缺血1 h 再灌注24 h后,焦油紫染色光镜下示,纹状体和皮层细胞大量死亡,组织结构模糊,少数残存的神经元形态皱缩或呈角状,非缺血侧的神经元呈卵圆型或锥型,核大而圆,着色浅淡,细胞排列整齐,其中纹状体神经元围绕纵行纤维束呈环行排列,皮层神经元分层排列。电针可使纹状体和皮层存活细胞明显增加,细胞形态趋于正常,其间亦有少量正常细胞,并且可改善梗死灶周边区的细胞存活。

      模型组、电针组、假电针组和naltrindole+电针组的梗死比率分别为(26.18±2.16%、(16.80±3.66%、(25.58±1.97%和(27.02±4.0%。电针组与模型组、假电针组、naltrindole+电针组相比,梗死体积明显缩小,分别减小35.82%39.04%33.52 %P<0.05);naltrindole+电针组梗死比率与假电针组、模型组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。假电针组梗死比率和模型组比较,差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图2

 

 

2   再灌注24 h后各组大鼠脑梗死面积

Figure 2   Cerebral infarct size in different groups after 24-hour ischemic infarction-reperfusion
The infarct volume was assessed after 24-hour reperfusion following 1 h MCAO. The coronal sections of the rat brains in sham ischemia group (A), sham EA group (B), ischemis group (C), EA group (D) and naltrindole+EA group (E) were stained by cresyl violet. Note that EA reduced the infarction and naltrindole reversed the EA effect (F). △P<0.05, vs ischemia group; ▲P<0.05, vs naltrindole+EA group (one-way ANOVA).

2.3  
各组大鼠神经功能缺损评分   电针组神经功能缺损评分(3.75±0.43)与模型组(2.76±0.28)、假电针组(2.66±0.28)、naltrindole+电针组(2.77±0.25)相比,分别增加36.23%41.0%35.38%P<0.05);naltrindole+电针与假电针组、模型组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。假电针组和模型组比较,差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图3
2.4   各组大鼠脑组织DOR蛋白表达的变化   使用Chemicon 1560 DOR抗体,Western blot获得大小约36 kD48 kD60 kD3条蛋白条带。与假手术组比较,模型组、naltrindole+电针组和电针组36 kD DOR蛋白表达分别下降到66.8%68.8%87.3%P<0.05);电针组和模型组、naltrindole+电针组相比,36 kD DOR蛋白表达有增多趋势,但是差异无统计学意义。48 kD DOR蛋白表达在各组之间比较,差异无统计学意义。与假手术组相比,模型组、naltrindole+电针组和电针组60 kD DOR蛋白表达分别下降到58.5%60.3% 88.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);模型组和naltrindole+电针组比较,60 kD DOR蛋白表达无明显差异;电针组与naltrindole+电针组、模型组相比,60 kD DOR蛋白表达明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图4


3   再灌注24 h后各组大鼠神经功能缺损评分
Figure 3   Neurological deficit scores of rats in different groups after 24-hour ischemic infarction-reperfusion
The scores of neurological deficits were evaluated after 24-hour reperfusion. Note that EA significantly attenuated neurological deficits, which could be blocked by naltrindole. P<0.05, vs ischemia group; ▲P<0.05, vs naltrindoleEA group (one-way ANOVA).

 

4   再灌注24 h后各组大鼠DOR蛋白表达

Figure 4   DOR protein expression in brain tissues of rats in different groups after 24-hour ischemic infarction-reperfusion
A shows representative blots of three signal bands of 60, 48 and 36 kD DOR proteins detected by rabbit polyclonal N-terminus-directed DOR antiserum. Actin is used as an internal standard. B, C and D depict the effects of sham ischemia, ischemia, ischemia+naltrindole+EA and ischemia+EA on DOR protein expression in the striatum after 24-hour reperfusion (B: 36 kD protein; C: 48 kD protein; D: 60 kD protein). Note that EA significantly increases the 60 kD protein and naltrindole abolishes this effect. *P<0.05, vs sham ischemia group; P<0.05, vs ischemia group; P<0.05, vs naltrindole+EA group (one-way ANOVA).

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3     

      复旦大学上海医学院医学神经生物学国家重点实验室最早(2002年)指出DOR在电针抗急性缺血性脑损伤的机制中发挥重要作用9,并已被其他研究16进一步证实。然而,迄无资料报道电针对脑缺血时DOR表达的影响。本文首次报道,在大脑缺血时,电针可上调DOR的蛋白密度。

      有关DOR蛋白的表达及其条带表现形式,文献报道多有不同。有文献指出,识别大鼠DOR N-末端的3-17氨基酸序列(LVPSARAELQSS-PLV)的抗DOR抗体可以辨认出3648 72 kD 3个条带。其中48 kD的胞浆蛋白代表DOR蛋白全长表达,36 kD可能由48 kD DOR蛋白的C末端在翻译后修饰剪切所形成,72 kD36 kD形成的二聚体15。也有文献报道,识别DOR N-末端的3–17氨基酸序列的抗DOR抗体可以辨认出384962 kD 的条带,38 kD为非糖基化蛋白,4962 kD为糖基化蛋白,其中49 kD为胞浆蛋白而62 kD代表膜蛋白1760 kD DOR蛋白位于细胞膜外,与信号转导有关18。也有报道提出36 kD蛋白同样也存在于胞膜和核膜上,在阿片诱导的受体下调后,36 kD蛋白最先出现在核膜上并且高表达1936 kD DOR蛋白同样也参与细胞内信号传导20-22。本实验中,我们使用Chemicom 1560抗体清晰地检测到3个条带,分别位于3648 60 kD。结合文献中Western blot的报道,我们认为3638 kD4849 kD60 kD62 kD可能分别代表同一条带,其微小差异可能是各实验室的不同实验条件所致。

      我们的新近工作显示,DOR主要表达在MAP-2阳性细胞的细胞膜上(文章待发表)。本实验观察到电针组缺血侧纹状体60 kD DOR蛋白表达显著增加,36 kD的蛋白表达也倾向于上升,提示电针可提高缺血神经元的DOR蛋白密度。DOR的表达有助于神经元耐受缺血缺氧性刺激5-7]-;但DOR本身又是一种对缺血、缺氧性损伤敏感的蛋白6, 7, 23。缺氧预处理可促进细胞膜上DOR蛋白表达的增多,提高神经元对后续缺血缺氧性刺激的耐受性6, 7。严重缺氧则抑制DOR蛋白的表达,引起神经元损伤6, 7。因此,电针后DOR的表达和缺血神经元的保护可能是一种互为因果的良性关系。本实验中,20 nmol naltrindole虽然不会加重脑缺血损伤效应,却能翻转电针对MCAO缺血/再灌大鼠的脑保护作用,并消除电针所诱导的DOR密度增加现象。这表明DOR确实是电针抗急性缺血性脑损伤中的一个关键机制,同时也为我们的上述推论提供了另一角度的佐证。但是本实验我们只检测了DOR蛋白在电针抗急性脑缺血前后表达的变化,对于其转录和翻译的调节过程尚待进一步研究。

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