Figure 1

Chemical structure of deoxyelephantopin"

Figure 2

Cytotoxic effect of deoxyelephantopinA: A549 cells were treated with varying concentration of deoxyelephantopin for 24, 48 and 72 h and viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and 50% inhibitory concentration value was plotted using Easy plot software. B: Effect of deoxyelephantopin on the viability of lymphocytes after 72 h of incubation. All experiments were performed in triplicate and data are presented as mean ± standard deviation."

Figure 3

Effects of deoxyelephantopin on colony formationA549 cells were treated with deoxyelephantopin for 2 h and colony formation rate was calculated after 14 d. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. **P < 0.01, vs control group. C: control."

Figure 4

Apoptosis induction in A549 cells by deoxyelephantopinA: Morphological changes analyzed by inverted microscopy; B: Acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining; C: Hoechst 33342 staining; D: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end-labeling staining by flourescent microscopy (20 × magnification)."

Figure 5

Annexin V-propidium iodide staining for detecting deoxyelephantopin-induced apoptosis in A549 cellsA: Control A549 cells; B: A549 cells treated with deoxyelephantopin at dose of 12.287 μg/mL. Apoptotic percentages of cells were analyzed by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V- and propidium iodide-stained cells."

Figure 6

DNA fragmentation in A549 cells treated with deoxyelephantopinLane 1: marker; Lane 2: A549 cells control; Lanes 3 and 4: A549 cells treated with 12.287 μg/mL deoxyelephantopin. DNA fragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining under ultraviolet light."

Figure 7

Effects of deoxyelephantopin on expression of caspases in A549 cellsA: Flow cytometric analysis of caspase-3 expression; B: Caspase 2/3/8/9 expression tested by flourimetric analysis; C: Effect of caspase-2, -3, -8 and -9 inhibitors in the viability of DOE-treated A549 cells tested by MTT assay. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. **P < 0.01, vs control group."

Figure 8

Cell cycle profile in A549 cells treated with deoxyelephantopinA: A549 control cells; B: A549 cells treated with 12.287 μg/mL deoxyelephantopin; C: Representative graph showing cell cycle phase distribution of A549 cells treated with deoxyelephantopin. A549 cells were subjected to flow cytometric analysis by propidium iodide staining. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, vs control group; ns: no signicant."

Figure 9

Effects of deoxyelephantopin on PARP expression in A549 cellsA549 cells were treated with deoxyelephantopin and cleaved PARP expression was analyzed by Western blot method. β-actin was used as a loading control for normalization of protein expression. PARP: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase."