[an error occurred while processing this directive]

Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine ›› 2013, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (4): 233-240.doi: 10.3736/jintegrmed2013037

Special Issue: Traditional Chinese Medicine

• Review •     Next Articles

Research advances on the usage of traditional Chinese medicine for neuroprotection in glaucoma

Xue-song Mia,b, Jing-xiang Zhonga, Raymond Chuen-Chung Changb,c, Kwok-Fai Sob,c()   

  1. a. Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630,Guangdong Province, China
    b. Department of Anatomy, and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka ShingFaculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
    c. Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of Central Neural System Regeneration, Jinan University,Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
  • Received:2013-01-30 Accepted:2013-04-08 Online:2013-07-10 Published:2013-07-15

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Cited

161

Like

Progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons is the main pathogenesis of glaucoma. The cause of glaucoma is not fully understood, but the neurodegeneration of glaucoma involves many mechanisms such as oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity and ischemia/reperfusion insult. In order to target these mechanisms, multiple neuroprotective interventions have been investigated to prevent the death of RGCs. Of note are some tonic herbs from the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmacopeia that have shown neuroprotective effects in glaucoma. TCM differs from Western medicine in that TCM exhibits complicated bioactive components, triggering many signaling pathways and extensive actions on vital organs. Modern scientific approaches have demonstrated some of their underlying mechanisms. In this review, we used Lycium barbarum and Ginkgo biloba as examples to elaborate the characteristics of TCM and their potential applications in neuroprotection in glaucoma.

Key words: Neuroprotection, Neuroprotective agents, Traditional Chinese medicine, Glaucoma, Review

Figure 1

Neurovascular dysregulation and neuroprotective mechanisms of LBP When challenged by external stress or insult, LBP protected RGCs directly by reducing the cytotoxicity on RGCs (ET-1 and Aβ), and indirectly by inhibiting the damage of BRB and modulating retinal gliosis. LBP: polysaccharide of Lycium barbarum; RGCs: retinal ganglion cells; ET-1: endothelin-1; Aβ: amyloid-β; BRB: blood retinal barriers."

[1] Foster PJ, Johnson GJ . Glaucoma in China: how big is the problem? Br[J] Ophthalmol. 2001; 85(11):1277-1282.
[2] Quigley HA . Glaucoma[J]. Lancet, 2011,377(9774):1367-1377
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61423-7
[3] Quigley HA . Clinical trials for glaucoma neuroprotection are not impossible[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2012,23(2):144-154
doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e32834ff490
[4] McKinnon SJ . Glaucoma: ocular Alzheimer’s disease[J]. Front Biosci, 2003,8:s1140-s1156
doi: 10.2741/1172
[5] Flammer J, Orgül S, Costa VP, Orzalesi N, Krieglstein GK, Serra LM, Renard JP, Stefánsson E . The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2002,21(4):359-393
doi: 10.1016/S1350-9462(02)00008-3
[6] Vingrys AJ . The many faces of glaucomatous optic neuropathy[J]. Clin Exp Optom, 2000,83(3):145-160
doi: 10.1111/cxo.2000.83.issue-3
[7] Almasieh M, Wilson AM, Morquette B, Cueva Vargas JL, Di Polo A . The molecular basis of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2012,31(2):152-181
doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.002
[8] Chader GJ . Advances in glaucoma treatment and management: neurotrophic agents[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012,53(5):2501-2505
doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-9483n
[9] Nakatani M, Shinohara Y, Takii M, Mori H, Asai N, Nishimura S, Furukawa-Hibi Y, Miyamoto Y, Nitta A . Periocular injection of in situ hydrogels containing Leu-Ile, an inducer for neurotrophic factors, promotes retinal ganglion cell survival after optic nerve injury[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2011,93(6):873-879
doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.09.024
[10] Parrilla-Reverter G, Agudo M, Sobrado-Calvo P, Salinas-Navarro M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M . Effects of different neurotrophic factors on the survival of retinal ganglion cells after a complete intraorbital nerve crush injury: a quantitative in vivo study. Exp Eye Res; 2009; 89(1):32-41.
doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.02.015
[11] Wen R, Tao W, Li Y, Sieving PA . CNTF and retina[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2012,31(2):136-151
doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.005
[12] Zhou X, Xia XB, Xiong SQ . Neuro-protection of retinal stem cells transplantation combined with copolymer-1 immunization in a rat model of glaucoma[J]. Mol Cell Neurosci, 2013,54:1-8
doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.12.001
[13] Harper MM, Grozdanic SD, Blits B, Kuehn MH, Zamzow D, Buss JE, Kardon RH, Sakaguchi DS . Transplantation of BDNF-secreting mesenchymal stem cells provides neuroprotection in chronically hypertensive rat eyes[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011,52(7):4506-4515
doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-7346
[14] Dreyer EB, Zurakowski D, Schumer RA, Podos SM, Lipton SA . Elevated glutamate levels in the vitreous body of humans and monkeys with glaucoma[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1996,114(3):299-305
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130295012
[15] Giulian D . Reactive glia as rivals in regulating neuronal survival[J]. Glia, 1993,7(1):102-110
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1098-1136
[16] Vorwerk CK, Lipton SA, Zurakowski D, Hyman BT, Sabel BA, Dreyer EB . Chronic low-dose glutamate is toxic to retinal ganglion cells. Toxicity blocked by memantine[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1996,37(8):1618-1624
[17] Siliprandi R, Canella R, Carmignoto G, Schiavo N, Zanellato A, Zanoni R, Vantini G . N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced neurotoxicity in the adult rat retina[J]. Vis Neurosci, 1992,8(6):567-573
doi: 10.1017/S0952523800005666
[18] Ahmed FA, Hegazy K, Chaudhary P, Sharma SC . Neuroprotective effect of α2 agonist(brimonidine) on adult rat retinal ganglion cells after increased intraocular pressure[J]. Brain Res, 2001,913(2):133-139
doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02759-7
[19] Sacca S.Nitric oxide as a mediator of glaucoma pathogenesis[J].Med Sci Monit, 2002, 8(8):LE33-LE34
[20] Aslan M, Cort A, Yucel I . Oxidative and nitrative stress markers in glaucoma[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2008,45(4):367-376
doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.026
[21] Siu AW, Leung MC, Ho To C, Siu FK, Ji J, So KF . Total retinal nitric oxide production is increased in intraocular pressure-elevated rats[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2002,75(4):401-406
doi: 10.1006/exer.2002.2029
[22] Neufeld AH, Shareef S, Pena J . Cellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase(NOS-1) in the human and rat retina[J]. J Comp Neurol, 2000,416(2):269-275
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9861
[23] Nucci C, Morrone L, Rombolà L, Nisticò R, Piccirilli S, Cerulli L . Multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in the lateral geniculate nucleus: from visual signal transduction to neuronal apoptosis[J]. Toxicol Lett, 2003,139(2-3):163-173
doi: 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00430-7
[24] Liu B, Neufeld AH . Nitric oxide synthase-2 in human optic nerve head astrocytes induced by elevated pressure in vitro[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2001,119(2):240-245
[25] Klein C . Nitric oxide and the other cyclic nucleotide[J]. Cell Signal, 2002,14(6):493-498
doi: 10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00283-2
[26] Groc L, Jackson Hunter T, Jiang H, Bezin L, Koubi D, Corcoran GB, Levine RA . Nitric oxide synthase inhibition during development: effect on apoptotic death of dopamine neurons[J]. Brain Res Dev Brain Res, 2002,138(2):147-153
doi: 10.1016/S0165-3806(02)00464-9
[27] Baltmr A, Duggan J, Nizari S, Salt TE, Cordeiro MF . Neuroprotection in glaucoma — Is there a future role? Exp Eye Res. 2010; 91(5):554-566.
doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.08.009
[28] Danesh-Meyer HV . Neuroprotection in glaucoma: recent and future directions[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2011,22(2):78-86
doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e32834372ec
[29] Cantor LB . Brimonidine in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension[J]. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2006,2(4):337-346
doi: 10.2147/tcrm.2006.2.issue-4
[30] Osborne NN . Pathogenesis of ganglion “cell death” in glaucoma and neuroprotection: focus on ganglion cell axonal mitochondria[J]. Prog Brain Res, 2008,173:339-352
doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)01124-2
[31] Ho YS, So KF, Chang RC . Drug discovery from Chinese medicine against neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia[J]. Chin Med, 2011,6:15
doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-15
[32] Chang RC, So KF . Use of anti-aging herbal medicine, Lycium barbarum, against aging-associated diseases[J]. What do we know so far? Cel Mol Neurobiol, 2008,28(5):643-652
[33] Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M, Corke H . Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum[J]. Life Sci, 2004,76(2):137-149
doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.056
[34] Jin M, Huang Q, Zhao K, Shang P . Biological activities and potential health benefit effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2013,54:16-23
doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.023
[35] Yu MS, Leung SK, Lai SW, Che CM, Zee SY . Neuroprotective effects of anti-aging oriental medicine Lycium barbarum against β-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity[J]. Exp Gerontol, 2005,40:716-727
doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2005.06.010
[36] Ho YS, Yu MS, Yik SY, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RCC . Polysaccharides from wolfberry antagonizes glutamate excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons[J]. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 2009,29(8):1233-1244
doi: 10.1007/s10571-009-9419-x
[37] Chiu K, Zhou Y, Yeung SC, Lok CK, Chan OO, Chang RC, So KF, Chiu JF . Up-regulation of crystallins is involved in the neuroprotective effect of wolfberry on survival of retinal ganglion cells in rat ocular hypertension model[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2010,110(2):311-320
[38] Chan HC, Chang RC , Koon-Ching Ip A, Chiu K, Yuen WH, Zee SY, So KF.Neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum Lynn on protecting retinal ganglion cells in an ocular hypertension model of glaucoma[J]. Exp Neurol, 2007,203(1):269-273
doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.05.031
[39] Li SY, Yeung CM, Yu WY, Chang RC, So KF, Wong D, Lo AC . Lycium barbarum polysaccharides reduce neuronal damage, blood-retinal barrier disruption and oxidative stress in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury[J]. PLoS One, 2011,6(1):e16380
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016380
[40] Ho YS, So KF, Chang RC . Anti-aging herbal medicine — How and why can they be used in aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases? Ageing Res Rev. 2010; 9(3):354-362.
doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.10.001
[41] Chiu K, Chan HC, Yeung SC, Yuen WH, Zee SY, Chang RC, So KF . Modulation of microglia by Wolfberry on the survival of retinal ganglion cells in a rat ocular hypertension model[J]. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor, 2009,2(3):127-136
doi: 10.1007/s12177-009-9035-5
[42] Tezel G . Immune regulation toward immunomodulation for neuroprotection in glaucoma[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2013,13(1):23-31
doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.09.013
[43] Tezel G, Thornton IL, Tong MG, Luo C, Yang X, Cai J, Powell DW, Soltau JB, Liebmann JM, Ritch R . Immunoproteomic analysis of potential serum biomarker candidates in human glaucoma[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012,53(13):8222-8231
doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10076
[44] Moalem G, Monsonego A, Shani Y, Cohen IR, Schwartz M . Differential T cell response in central and peripheral nerve injury: connection with immune privilege[J]. FASEB J, 1999,13(10):1207-1217
doi: 10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1207
[45] Barouch R, Schwartz M . Autoreactive T cells induce neurotrophin production by immune and neural cells in injured rat optic nerve: implications for protective autoimmunity[J]. FASEB J, 2002,16(10):1304-1306
doi: 10.1096/fj.01-0467fje
[46] Bosco A, Steele MR, Vetter ML . Early microglia activation in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma[J]. J Comp Neurol, 2011,519(4):599-620
doi: 10.1002/cne.22516
[47] Gan L, Zhang SH, Liu Q, Xu HB . A polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum upregulates cytokine expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2003,471(3):217-222
doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01827-2
[48] Yu MS, Ho YS, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RC . Cytoprotective effects of Lycium barbarum against reducing stress on endoplasmic reticulum[J]. Int J Mol Med, 2006,17(6):1157-1161
[49] Krishnamoorthy RR, Rao VR, Dauphin R, Prasanna G, Johnson C, Yorio T . Role of the ETB receptor in retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma[J]. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 2008,86(6):380-393
doi: 10.1139/Y08-040
[50] Mi XS, Chiu K, Van G, Leung JWC, Lo AC, Chung SK, Chang RC, So KF . Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on the expression of endothelin-1 and its receptors in an ocular hypertension model of rat glaucoma[J]. Neural Regen Res, 2012,7(9):645-651
[51] Mi XS, Feng Q, Lo AC, Chang RC, Lin B, Chung SK, So KF . Protection of retinal ganglion cells and retinal vasculature by Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in a mouse model of acute ocular hypertension[J]. PLoS One, 2012,7(10):e45469
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045469
[52] Chen DF, Cho KS. Optic neuropathy and ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. In: Tombran-Tink J, Barnstable CJ, Shields MB.Mechanisms of the glaucomas: disease processes and therapeutic modalities[M]. Totowa: Humana Press, 2008, 393-423
[53] Peng Y, Ma C, Li Y, Leung KS, Jiang ZH, Zhao Z . Quantification of zeaxanthin dipalmitate and total carotenoids in Lycium fruits(Fructus Lycii)[J]. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 2005,60(4):161-164
doi: 10.1007/s11130-005-9550-5
[54] Benzie IF, Chung WY, Wang J, Richelle M, Bucheli P . Enhanced bioavailability of zeaxanthin in a milk-based formulation of wolfberry(Gou Qi Zi; Fructus barbarum L.)[J]. Br J Nutr, 2006,96(1):154-160
doi: 10.1079/BJN20061796
[55] Llansola M, Erceg S, Hernandez-Viadel M, Felipo V . Prevention of ammonia and glutamate neurotoxicity by carnitine: molecular mechanisms[J]. Metab Brain Dis, 2002,17(4):389-397
doi: 10.1023/A:1021922305036
[56] Birks J, Grimley Evans J.Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev , 2009,( 1):CD003120
[57] DeFeudis FV, Drieu K . Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761) and CNS functions: basic studies and clinical applications[J]. Curr Drug Targets, 2000,1(1):25-58
doi: 10.2174/1389450003349380
[58] Chung SY, Cheng FC, Lee MS, Lin JY, Lin MC, Wang MF . Ginkgo biloba leaf extract(EGb761) combined with neuroprotective agents reduces the infarct volumes of gerbil ischemic brain[J]. Am J Chin Med, 2006,34(5):803-817
doi: 10.1142/S0192415X06004302
[59] Chung HS, Harris A, Kristinsson JK, Ciulla TA, Kagemann C, Ritch R . Ginkgo biloba extract increases ocular blood flow velocity[J]. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 1999,15(3):233-240
doi: 10.1089/jop.1999.15.233
[60] Park JW, Kwon HJ, Chung WS, Kim CY, Seong GJ . Short-term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on peripapillary retinal blood flow in normal tension glaucoma[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2011,25(5):323-328
doi: 10.3341/kjo.2011.25.5.323
[61] Domoráková I, Mechírová E, Danková M, Danielisová V, Burda J . Effect of antioxidant treatment in global ischemia and ischemic postconditioning in the rat hippocampus[J]. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 2009,29(6-7):837-844
doi: 10.1007/s10571-009-9365-7
[62] Nada SE, Shah ZA . Preconditioning with Ginkgo biloba(EGb 761?) provides neuroprotection through HO1 and CRMP2[J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2012,46(1):180-189
doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.006
[63] Saleem S, Zhuang H, Biswal S, Christen Y, Doré S . Ginkgo biloba extract neuroprotective action is dependent on heme oxygenase 1 in ischemic reperfusion brain injury[J]. Stroke, 2008,39(12):3389-3396
doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.523480
[64] Shah ZA, Nada SE, Doré S . Heme oxygenase 1, beneficial role in permanent ischemic stroke and in Gingko biloba(EGb 761) neuroprotection[J]. Neuroscience, 2011,180:248-255
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.031
[65] Mdzinarishvili A, Sumbria R, Lang D, Klein J . Ginkgo extract EGb761 confers neuroprotection by reduction of glutamate release in ischemic brain[J]. J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2012,15(1):94-102
doi: 10.18433/J3PS37
[66] Flammer J, Mozaffarieh M . What is the present pathogenetic concept of glaucomatous optic neuropathy? Surv Ophthalmol. 2007; 52(Suppl 2):S162-S173.
doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.012
[67] Koh PO . Gingko biloba extract(EGb 761) prevents increase of Bad-Bcl-XL interaction following cerebral ischemia[J]. Am J Chin Med, 2009,37(5):867-876
doi: 10.1142/S0192415X0900734X
[68] Smith JV, Burdick AJ, Golik P, Khan I, Wallace D, Luo Y . Anti-apoptotic properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in differentiated PC12 cells[J]. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 2002,48(6):699-707
[69] Khoury R, Cross JM, Girkin CA, Owsley C , McGwin G Jr.The association between self-reported glaucoma and Ginkgo biloba use[J]. J Glaucoma, 2009,18(7):543-545
doi: 10.1097/IJG.0b013e318193c44a
[70] Hirooka K, Tokuda M, Miyamoto O, Itano T, Baba T, Shiraga F . The Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761) provides a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2004,28(3):153-157
doi: 10.1076/ceyr.28.3.153.26246
[1] Wan-jun Guo, Yi Wang, Yu Deng, Lin-yan Cheng, Xin Liu, Ruo-fan Xi, Sheng-jie Zhu, Xin-yi Feng, Liang Hua, Kan Ze, Jian-yong Zhu, Dong-jie Guo, Fu-lun Li. Therapeutic effects of the extract of Sancao Formula, a Chinese herbal compound, on imiquimod-induced psoriasis via cysteine-rich protein 61. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(4): 376-384.
[2] Keat Lam Ho, Phaik Har Yong, Chee Woon Wang, Umah Rani Kuppusamy, Chek Tung Ngo, Festo Massawe, Zhi Xiang Ng. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth and eye diseases: A review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(4): 292-304.
[3] Shang-jin Song, Xuan Liu, Qing Ji, Da-zhi Sun, Li-juan Xiu, Jing-yu Xu, Xiao-qiang Yue. Ziyin Huatan Recipe, a Chinese herbal compound, inhibits migration and invasion of gastric cancer by upregulating RUNX3 expression. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(4): 355-364.
[4] Lu Yin, Yun An, Xiao Chen, Hui-xin Yan, Tao Zhang, Xin-gang Lu, Jun-tao Yan. Local vibration therapy promotes the recovery of nerve function in rats with sciatic nerve injury. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(3): 265-273.
[5] Zeinab Vafaeipour, Bibi Marjan Razavi, Hossein Hosseinzadeh. Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its constituent (curcumin) on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(3): 193-203.
[6] Marisa Casal. Improving the health and treatment success rates of in vitro fertilization patients with traditional chinese medicine: need for more robust evidence and innovative approaches. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(3): 187-192.
[7] Ning Guo, Fei Wu, Mei Wu, Yuan Wang, Qing Lang, Xiao Lin, Yi Feng. Progress in the design and quality control of placeboes for clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine . Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(3): 204-212.
[8] Jia-yi Zhao, Jin Pu, Jian Fan, Xin-yu Feng, Jian-wen Xu, Rong Zhang, Yan Shang. Tanshinone IIA prevents acute lung injury by regulating macrophage polarization. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(3): 274-280.
[9] Yan-jun Lin, Kun-li Jiao, Bo Liu, Lu Fang, Shu Meng. Antiplatelet and myocardial protective effect of shexiang tongxin dropping pill in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(2): 126-134.
[10] Peter Bablis, Henry Pollard, Anthony L. Rosner. Stress reduction via neuro-emotional technique to achieve the simultaneous resolution of chronic low back pain with multiple inflammatory and biobehavioural indicators: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(2): 135-144.
[11] Jose Antonio Castilla-Jimena, Isabel Ruiz-Pérez, Jesús Henares-Montiel. Impact of socioeconomic and health-related factors on consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain in 2006, 2011 and 2017. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(1): 52-56.
[12] Jun-peng Yao, Li-ping Chen, Xian-jun Xiao, Ting-hui Hou, Si-yuan Zhou, Ming-min Xu, Kai Wang, Yu-jun Hou, Lin Zhang, Ying Li. Effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for treating functional constipation: An overview of systematic reviews. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(1): 13-25.
[13] Ofer Baranovitch, Meirav Wolff-Bar, Meora Feinmesser, Chen Sade-Zaltz, Ilan Tsarfaty, Victoria Neiman. Searching for the emotional roots of breast cancer: A cross-disciplinary analysis integrating psychology, Chinese medicine, and oncology biomarkers. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(1): 57-64.
[14] Deng-chao Wang, Miao Yu, Wen-xian Xie, Li-yan Huang, Jian Wei, Yue-hua Lei. Meta-analysis on the effect of combining Lianhua Qingwen with Western medicine to treat coronavirus disease 2019. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022, 20(1): 26-33.
[15] Miriam Bazzicalupo, Laura Cornara, Bruno Burlando, Alberta Cascini, Marcella Denaro, Antonella Smeriglio, Domenico Trombetta. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. extract as a skin preserving agent: from traditional medicine to scientific validation. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2021, 19(6): 526-536.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] Dong Yang, Yong-ping Du, Qing Shen, Wei Chen, Yan Yu, Guang-lei Chen. Expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in renal tubulointerstitium in patients with kidney collateral stasis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 41-44
[2] Hai-feng Wei, Bai-liu Ya, Ling Zhao, Cui-fei Ye, Li Zhang, Lin Li. Evaluation of tongue manifestation of blood stasis syndrome and its relationship with blood rheological disorder in a rat model of transient brain ischemia. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 73-76
[3] Xi Lin, Jian-ping Liu. Herbal medicines for viral myocarditis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 76
[4] Xi Lin, Jian-ping Liu. Tai chi for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 82
[5] Liang-ping Hu, Hui Gao. Discrimination of errors in statistical analysis of medical papers published in the first issue of 2006 in Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 98-106
[6] Yan-bo Zhu , Qi Wang, Cheng-yu Wu, Guo-ming Pang, Jian-xiong Zhao, Shi-lin Shen, Zhong-yuan Xia , Xue Yan . Logistic regression analysis on relationships between traditional Chinese medicine constitutional types and overweight or obesity. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1023-1035
[7] Wei Xu, Meng Shi, Jian-gang Liu, Cheng-long Wang . Collagen protein expressions in ischemic myocardium of rats with acute myocardial infarction and effects of qi-tonifying, yin-tonifying and blood-activating herbs and detoxifying and blood-activating herbs. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1041-1047
[8] Tao Wang , Feng Qin. Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Xiaoyao Powder on monoamine neurotransmitters in hippocampus of rats with postpartum depression. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1075-1079
[9] Ying Xu , Chang-chun Zeng , Xiu-yu Cai , Rong-ping Guo , Guang Nie , Ying Jin. Chromaticity and optical spectrum colorimetry of the tongue color in different syndromes of primary hepatic carcinoma. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(11): 1263-1271
[10] Xiang-ying Mao , Qin Bian , Zi-yin Shen. Analysis of the osteogenetic effects exerted on mesenchymal stem cell strain C3H10T1/2 by icariin via MAPK signaling pathway in vitro. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(11): 1272-1278
[an error occurred while processing this directive]