[an error occurred while processing this directive]

Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine ›› 2010, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (9): 842-847.doi: 10.3736/jcim20100907

• Original Clinical Research • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Distribution characteristics of syndrome types in essential hypertension

 Wan-li Gua, Zai-xiang Shib,Yun-xu Yu b, Yu-wei Wub, Bao-wei Lua, Ka-kit Huic   

  1. a Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaocheng People^s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
    b National Integrative Medicine Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
    c Center for East-West Medicine, University of California,Los Angeles,Los Angeles,CA 90032,USA
  • Received:2010-02-05 Accepted:2010-06-21 Online:2010-09-20 Published:2010-09-15

Objective

To investigate the distribution characteristics of syndrome types of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in essential hypertension and to explore the distribution rule of TCM syndromes.
Methods

 A multicenter, large-sample survey method of clinical epidemiology was applied to choose the patients with essential hypertension from North, Middle, and South China. A questionnaire was designed and filled in, then 477 untreated patients with first-diagnosed essential hypertension were selected and the information was recorded into FileMaker database. A cluster analysis method was utilized to study the TCM syndrome distribution rule of essential hypertension.
Results

Two-step cluster analysis was done from 3 to 7 clusters. Seven clusters were appropriate, which included deficiency of heart and kidney qi, hyperactivity of liver-yang, deficiency of yin and yang, stagnation of phlegm-dampness, phlegm-heat (subtype of stagnation of phlegm-dampness), blood stasis obstructing collaterals, and other syndromes. The symptoms presenting high percentage in each cluster were more significant in TCM theory. The syndromes of hyperactivity of liver-yang (24.1%) and stagnation of phlegm-dampness (27.1%) presented the high percentages, and deficiency of heart and kidney qi (10.1%), deficiency of yin and yang (8.4%), and blood stasis obstructing collaterals (9.0%) presented the low percentages.
Conclusion

As compared with the current syndrome differentiation criteria, two-step cluster analysis results not only include the syndromes of deficiency of yin and yang, hyperactivity of liver-yang, stagnation of phlegm-dampness, but also cover qi deficiency and blood stasis.

Key words: Hypertension, Syndrome, Questionnaires, Survey methods, Cluster analysis, Clinical study, Evidence-based medicine

Table 1

Distribution of blood pressure classification and syndromes in patients with essential hypertension"

Table 2

Distribution of gender differences and syndromes in patients with essential hypertension"

Table 3

Distribution of regions and syndromes in patients with essential hypertension"

Table 4

Distribution of age ranges and syndromes in patients with essential hypertension"

Table 5

Distribution of body mass index and syndromes in patients with essential hypertension"

Table 6

Distribution of blood lipids, blood sugar and syndromes in patients with essential hypertension"

[1] Hu CS, Gao RL, Liu LS . Seven core principles for treatment of hypertension[J]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 2006,26(4):363-365
胡春松, 高润霖, 刘力生 . 高血压治疗的七大原则[J]. 中国中西医结合杂志, 2006,26(4):363-365
[2] Hu CS, Hu DY . Progress in therapeutic principles and the characteristics of strategies for treatment of hypertension and its changes in China[J]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 2007,27(4):380-382
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1003-5370.2007.04.036
胡春松, 胡大一 . 高血压治疗原则的进展及我国高血压治疗策略的特点与变化[J]. 中国中西医结合杂志, 2007,27(4):380-382
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1003-5370.2007.04.036
[3] Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China. Guidelines for clinical research on Chinese new herbal medicines[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House,1993: 58
中华人民共和国卫生部. 中药新药临床研究指导原则[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社,1993: 58
[4] Liu LS, Gong LS. A draft of Chinese guidelines for hypertension prevention and treatment[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House,2005: 14-15
刘力生, 龚兰生 . 中国高血压防治指南[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社,2005: 14-15
[5] Zheng XY. Guidelines for clinical research on Chinese new herbal medicines[M]. Beijing: Medical Science and Technology Publishing House of China,2002: 163
郑筱萸 . 中药新药临床研究指导原则[M]. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社,2002: 163
[1] Qi-sheng Tang, Wen-jun Sun, Miao Qu, Dong-fang Guo. Analysis of syndrome discipline of generalized anxiety disorder using data mining techniques. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(9): 975-982.
[2] Chan Chen, Chang-xun Chen, Xi-min Wu, Rui Wang, Yi-ming Li. Effects of extracts of Radix Scrophulariae on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats and the underlying mechanisms. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(9): 1009-1017.
[3] Lu Liu, Ying Gao. Study on the correlation between traditional Chinese medicine syndrome and short-term prognosis of ischemic stroke using logistic regression model and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(9): 983-990.
[4] Lu-ming Chen, Hui Yu, Da-rong Wu , Xun Hu , Lan Zheng. Investigation on response of the patient-reported outcome scale of the main-symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with pulmonary heart disease. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(9): 970-974.
[5] Wei-hua Xu, Ze-huai Wen, Wei-xiong Liang, Qi Wang. A review of research on the development of instruments for therapeutic efficacy evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(7): 726-737.
[6] Yan Guan , Hui Zhang, Wei Zhang, Shi-bing Su . Analysis of differential gene expression profile in peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis B and syndromes of dual deficiency of liver and kidney yin and accumulation of dampness heat. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(7): 751-756.
[7] Ying-fei Bi , Jing-yuan Mao , Xian-liang Wang , Ya-zhu Hou , Yi-zhu Lu , Shan Bin Soh , Bo-li Zhang. Clinical epidemiology survey of the traditional Chinese medicine etiology and syndrome differentiation of coronary artery disease: Study protocol of a multicenter trial. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(6): 619-627.
[8] Ming-xing Zhao, Zhen-hua Dong, Zhong-hai Yu, Shi-yuan Xiao, Ya-ming Li . Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in improving episodic memory of patients with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(6): 628-634.
[9] Qing-bo Lang, Dong-xia Zhai , Feng Huang, Jian-guo Chen, Yong-hui Zhang, Qun Liu, Xiao-feng Zhai , Bai Li, Chang-quan Ling. Investigation on traditional Chinese medicine syndrome distribution of 4 618 hepatitis B virus infection subjects in Qidong of Jiangsu Province, China. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(5): 525-531.
[10] Jia-jia Wang , Tian-fang Wang , Xiu-yan WU , Yah Zhao , Xiao-lin Xue , Qing-guo Wang. Weighting coefficients of symptoms and signs in the diagnosis of corresponding TCM syndrome elements of ulcerative colitis based on expert questionnaire investigation. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(4): 398-405.
[11] Hu Xiao-Yu, Zhang Yang, Chen Guo, Zhong Sen, Fan Xin-Jian. A prospective cohort study on the influence of high doses of herbs for clearing heat and resolving stasis on survival rates in patients with hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(2): 176-185.
[12] Yu Zhao, Jing-hua Peng , Xue-mei Li , Qi-lin Fu, Tuan Cui , Qi Li, Ya-jun Tang , Qin Feng , Hua Zhang , Hua Zhou , Yi-yang Hu. Diagnostic value of clinical indices in syndrome differentiation of chronic hepatitis B: an exploration based on receiver operating characteristic curves and stepwise discriminant analysis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(12): 1382-1387.
[13] Dong-tao Li, Jian Wang , Hong-yang Jiang , Feng-lei Shi , Fu-yu Li , Ji-hong Liu , Yong-mei Cheng , Nan Yan , Ai-hua Hu, Mei-zeng Zhang , Jie Li, Ling-bo Wei , Rong-qin Jiang. Quantitative evaluation of the degrees of traditional Chinese medicine qualitative syndromes of osteoporosis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(11): 1254-1262.
[14] Jie-ning Wang, Sheng Ye, Dong-hai Yu, Hui Zhao, Le-yi Du. Practice and exploration on clinical evaluations of hospital-made Chinese herbal formulas in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(10): 1084-1087.
[15] Jing Zhang , Long Liu , Xin Yan , Xiao-qiang Yue. Study of the syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine in terms of metabonomics technology: The current situation and considerations. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(10): 1069-1076.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] Wei-xiong Liang. Problems-solving strategies in clinical treatment guideline for traditional Chinese medicine and integrative medicine. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 1-4
[2] Zhao-guo Li. Discussion on English translation of commonly used sentences in traditional Chinese medicine: part one. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 107-110
[3] Jun Hu, Jian-ping Liu. Non-invasive physical treatments for chronic/recurrent headache. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 31
[4] Xue-mei Liu, Qi-fu Huang, Yun-ling Zhang, Jin-li Lou, Hong-sheng Liu, Hong Zheng. Effects of Tribulus terrestris L. saponion on apoptosis of cortical neurons induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation in rats. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 45-50
[5] . Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals: Writing and editing for biomedical publication (Chinese version, part two). Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1001-1005
[6] Daniel Weber, Janelle M Wheat, Geoffrey M Currie. Inflammation and cancer: Tumor initiation, progression and metastasis,and Chinese botanical medicines. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1006-1013
[7] Hong Liu , Guo-liang Zhang, Li Shen , Zhen Zeng, Bao-luo Zhou, Cheng-hai Liu, Guang Nie . Application and evaluation of a pseudotyped virus assay for screening herbs for anti-H5Nl avian influenza virus. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1036-1040
[8] Zhao-guo Li . A discussion of English translation of 1995 and 1997 Chinese National Standards of Traditional Chinese Medical Terminologies for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1090-1096
[9] Rui Jin, Bing Zhang. A complexity analysis of Chinese herbal property theory: the multiple formations of herbal property (Part 1). Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(11): 1198-1205
[10] Hui-min Liu, Xian-bo Wang, Yu-juan Chang, Li-li Gu. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of integrative medicine therapy for treatment of chronic severe hepatitis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(11): 1211-1228
[an error occurred while processing this directive]