Shankhpushpi is an Ayurvedic drug used for its action on the central nervous system, especially for boosting memory and improving intellect. Quantum of information gained from Ayurvedic and other Sanskrit literature revealed the existence of four different plant species under the name of Shankhpushpi, which is used in various Ayurvedic prescriptions described in ancient texts, singly or in combination with other herbs. The sources comprise of entire herbs with following botanicals viz., Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. (Convulvulaceae), Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (Convulvulaceae), Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (Gentianaceae). A review on the available scientific information in terms of pharmacognostical characteristics, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, preclinical and clinical applications of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi is prepared with a view to review scientific work undertaken on Shankhpushpi. It may provide parameters of differentiation and permit appreciation of variability of drug action by use of different botanical sources.
Neeraj Kumar SETHIYA, Alok NAHATA, Shri Hari MISHRA, Vinod Kumar DIXIT. An update on Shankhpushpi, a cognition-boosting Ayurvedic medicine[J]. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2009, 7(11): 1001-1022. Doi:10.3736/jcim20091101
Ayurveda is the oldest medical science in the Indian subcontinent and has been practiced since the 12th century BC. Its objective is to accomplish physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being by adopting preventive, health promoting and holistic approach towards life[1]. Drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS) are among the first to be discovered by the primitive human and are still the most widely used group of pharmacological agents. The CNS acting drugs are invaluable therapeutically, because they can produce specific physiological and psychological effects. From the vast array of materia medica of the indigenous system, many plants have been reported to have activity against CNS disorders and thus act as very useful remedies for the alleviation of human suffering[2]. Various attempts have been made to counter the aversive effects of stress, ranging from yoga and meditation to anti-stress drugs. However, despite claims to the contrary, these non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods appear to have limited utility[3]. An answer to this perplexing problem of countering stress-induced perturbations of physiological homeostasis came from the plant kingdom[4]. With the advent of newer techniques for chemical characterization and pharmacological investigations, plant-based drugs are receiving much attention. The importance of plants acting on CNS has been reviewed, and the role of adaptogens from plant origin has been emphasized[5].
Memory (cognition) is a recollection of that which has been experienced once or learnt. Memory may be defined as mental information system consisting of encoding, storage and retrieval[6]. Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, events, information, etc., retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later date when needed. Aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) leading to memory loss has emerged as a major concern of modern scientists. Amnesia means loss of memory. There are many different types of amnesias according to their cause. Functional amnesia refers to memory disorders that seem to result from psychological trauma, not an injury. Organic amnesia involves memory loss caused by specific malfunctions in the brain. Another variant is infantile amnesia, which refers to the fact that most people lack specific memories of the first few years of their life. AD is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized symptomati-cally by progressive deterioration of the activities of daily living, behavioral disturbances and cognitive loss[7]. Involvement of brain cholinergic activity has been recognized in memory loss. Among the possible strategies for enhancing brain cholinergic activity, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) have been used most extensively for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Physostigmine and tacrine are the only AChEIs reasonably evaluated in AD patients, even though their use is limited by the short half-life and peripheral cholinergic side-effects of physostigmine, and the dose-dependent hepatotoxicity of tacrine[8, 9]. Various mechanisms have been postulated from time to time for memory. Fortunately, basic research during the past 25 years has begun to define a chemistry of brain plasticity, which is suggesting new gene targets for the discovery of memory enhancers[10].
In Ayurvedic literature, medicinal plants from more than one botanical source have been employed for a single entity raising controversy as to correct identity of a drug. The availability of the plant in usage of particular region has forced the practitioners to substitute with nearly similar pharmacological or therapeutic action. Many of the traditional systems have records where one common vernacular name is applied to plants with two or more entirely different plant species[11]. Our studies on Ayurvedic plants reveal that although the botanical source of an Ayurvedic medicine may differ, the basic pharmacological category is not inconsistent. It may be that during the process of development of Ayurveda, the Vaidya practicing it in different regions of the subcontinent may have found substitutes which replaced the original plant drug.
1 Shankhpushpi
Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India.
1.1 Traditional medicinal uses
Shankhpushpi is a reputed drug of Ayurveda and reported as a brain tonic, nervine tonic, alternative and laxative[21, 22]. It has also been found effective in anxiety and neurosis, due to its clinical anti-anxiety effects and improved mental function highly esteemed by ancient Indian physicians as a wonderful nervine tonic & memory invigorator and used in cerebral abnormalities, epilepsy, insomnia, burning sensation, oedema, urinary disorders, snake-bites and disease caused by evil spirits. It is best tonic for brain and nerves and is also recommended for sexual & seminal debilities[23]. Shankhpushpi is found to be one of the ingredients in majority of the formulas available in market like Dimagheen (Dawakhana Tibiya College), Shankhpushpi syrup (Unjha), Shankhavali Churna (Narnaryan Pharmacy), BR-16A (Himalaya Drug. Co. Ltd.) etc, which were prescribed as brain tonics in Ayurvedic system of medicine.
According to Ayurveda, Medhya can promote intellectual capacity; Swarakarini can improve voice; Grahabhootadi doshaghni is useful in diseases of supernatural origin; Rasayani can rejuvenate the body; Kantida can enhance the aura of body and give it a healthy look; Majjadhatu rasayana can rejuvenate the nervous tissue; Unmadaghna can alleviate insanity and emotional instability; Vrishya is an aphrodisiac; Pachanbala can increase the strength of the digestive system; Chedana is a laxative; Nidrajnana can promote sleep. Besides this, Shankhapushpi can improve digestion, prevent water retention, borborygmus and constipation. It is specifically beneficial where digestion is upset because of nervousness and anxiety (Unpublished). The classification of Shankhpushpi[24] was shown in Table 1.
Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34].
1.3 Pharmacognostical profile
The pharmacognostical profile of Shankhpushpi[12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 35-42] is shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Table 2Different pharmacognostical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Evaluated characteristics
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Habit
Diffuse, perennial herb
Prostrate, perennial herbs
Ornamental perennial climber
Erect, branching, annual herb
Stem structure
Length
8–10 branches, from central stock (35–40 cm)
Several prostrate stems (10–30 cm)
20–45 cm, splintery, fibrous
20–60 cm, opposite decussate branches
Surface
Pubescent
Clothed with silky hairs
Smooth
Glabrous
Internodes
7–10 mm
10–12 mm
6–13 cm
Usually 3.5–4.5 cm, up to 6.2 cm
Taste
Tasteless
Tasteless
Bitter
Bitter
Outline in T.S.
Terete, wings absent
Terete, wings absent
Terete, wings absent
Annular with four wings
Cuticle
Ridged
Striated
Ridged
Ridged
Trichomes covering
Present,unequally biarmed
Present, conical, unicellular
Present, with two basal cells, multicellular
Absent
Glandular
Present, stalk unicellular, head multicellular (8– 10 cells in 2–4 tiers)
Present, stalk unicellular, head multicellular (four cells)
Present, stalk multicellular, head unicellular
Absent
Chlorenchyma
Present
Present
Present
Absent
Collenchyma
Present
Present
Present
Absent
Endodermis
Indistinct
Indistinct
Indistinct
Distinct
Pericyclic fibers
Present
Present
Present
Absent
Phloem fibers
Absent
Present in old stem only
Present
Absent
Pith
Core hollow
Often an angular hollow, cells pitted in older stem
Pitted with slopting end
Intact, cells pitted when mature
Leaf structure
Phyllotaxy
Alternate
Alternate
Opposite
Opposite decussate
Shape
Elliptic-oblong
Linear, lower Oblanc- eolate,upper elliptic
Imparipinnate, ovate or oblong
Oblong, lanceolate
Size
(8–12) mm× (5–7) mm
(12–38) mm× (5–10) mm
(2–5) cm× (1–2) cm
(25–38) mm× (8–15) mm
Apex
Mucronate
Obtuse-muronate
Mucronate
Acute
Surface
Pubescent
Hairy
Hairy
Glabrous
Midrib
Outline in T.S.
Plano-convex, dorsal bulge prominent
Concavo-convex
Concavo-convex, dorsiventral
Concavo-convex, dorsal bulge irregularly lobed
Collenchyma
Present on either side
Present beneath upper epidermis
–
Absent on either side
Calcium oxalate
Present as rosette
Plenty, along veins
Prismatic crystal along veins
Absent
Lamina
Isobilateral, palisade in 2 layers on either side
Isobilateral, palisade in 3 and 2 layers beneath upper and lower epidermis respectively
Dorsiventral, palisade in either side
Dorsiventral, palisade in 1 layer
Cuticle
Striated
Striated
Striated, weavy
Ridged
Trichomes
Present, similar as in stem
Present, similar as in stem
Present, similar as in stem
Absent
Stomata
Both anisocytic and paracytic types on either side
Both anisocytic and paracytic types on either side
Subcoriaceous, rubiaceous stomata with wavy cells present on both side
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
2 Pre-clinical and clinical applications of Shankhpushpi
2.1 Evolvulus alsinoides
2.1.1 Toxicology Ayurvedic medicine regards EA highly for its effect on CNS. Moderate doses (200 mg/kg) of the alcoholic extract of EA caused drowsiness, stupor and less mobility in albino mice; higher doses were neither toxic nor lethal. Laboratory studies revealed the herb as anticatatonic and a CNS depressant with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 450 mg/kg[56, 121].
2.1.2 Learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents The ethanolic extract has been shown to improve learning and memory and it significantly reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine. EA also exhibited potent memory-enhancing effects in the step-down and shuttle-box avoidance paradigms. Nootropic activity was assessed with passive and active avoidance paradigms using Cook and Weidley’s pole climbing apparatus and elevated plus maze as models[131].
2.1.3 Adaptogenic, anxiolytic and anti-amnesic activity Ethanol extract of the aerial parts of the drug was evaluated for CNS activity by using elevated plus maze test, open field exploratory behavior and rota rod performance experiments. The ethanol extract as well as its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions was tested in experimental models employing rats and mice. The extracts were also studied for their in vitro antioxidant potential to correlate their anxiolytic activity[216]. The improvement in the peripheral stress markers and scopolamine-induced dementia by EA in the chronic unpredictable stress and acute stress models indicated the adpatogenic and anti-amnesic properties of EA, against a well known adaptogen i.e. Panax quinquefolium[130]. Phenolics and flavonoids, isolated form bioactivity-guided purification of n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of EA, were screened for antistress activity in acute stress models. Stress exposure resulted in significant increase of plasma glucose, adrenal gland weight, plasma creatine kinase, and corticosterone levels. One constituent displayed most promising antistress effect by normalizing hyperglycemia, plasma corticosterone, creatine kinase and adrenal hypertrophy, while others were also effective in normalizing most of these stress parameters[77]. Effects of methanolic extracts of roots of EA (MEEA) on acute reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia showed increased vacuous chewing frequencies (VCMs) and TPs in acute reserpine-treated animals compared with vehicle-treated animals. Chronic treatment significantly reversed the reserpine-induced VCMs and TPs in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the locomotor activity as well as the transfer latency in acute reserpine-treated rats[217].
2.1.4 Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity The in vivo evaluation of the ethanolic extract of EA revealed its marked antiulcer and anticatatonic activity[172].
2.1.5 Antioxidant activity Antioxidant substances were isolated and identified from EA by preparing fractions of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Results of antioxidant activities of EA from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were not as high as expected. The need of more antioxidant tests with different action mechanisms and also in-vivo studies with EA were suggested[159]. Ethanolic extracts and water infusions of EA, Cynodon dactylon and Sida cordifolia were tested for their antioxidant activity in the 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS) decolonization assay. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia was found to be most potent, followed by EA and Cynodon dactylon. The relative antioxidant capacity for the water infusions was observed in the following order: EA>C. dactylon >S. cordifolia. The results of water infusions on lipid peroxidation were as follows: EA>S. cordifolia>C. dactylon[141].
2.1.6 Immunomodulatory activity The crude extracts of Emblica officinalis and EA were evaluated for immmunomodulator activity in adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model. Both the drugs showed a marked reduction in inflammation and edema. At cellular level immunosuppression occurred during the early phase of the disease. The induction of nitric oxide synthase was significantly decreased in treated animals as compared with controls[162].
2.1.7 Evolvine hydrochloride The hydrochloride of alkaloid evolvine was reported to exhibit lobeline-like action on the cardiovascular system. In cats, the drug demonstrated sympathomimetic activity. The blood pressure remained elevated for a longer duration as compared with adrenaline. Increase in peripheral pressure was observed on local injection of the drug[55].
2.1.8 Activity related to formulas of EA BR-16A (Mentat) is a herbal formula consisting of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), Mandukparni (Centella asiatica), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi), Shankhpushpi (EA), Tagar (Valeriana wallichi), Vach (Acorus calamus), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Malkangni (Celastrus paniculatus), Kuth (Saussurea lappa), Amla (Embelica officinalis) and the other ingredients of Triphala (Terminalia chebula and Terminalia belerica). The results indicated that Mentat (100 mg/kg) and piracetam (100 mg/kg) induced statistically significant nootropic effect in all the test parameters of learning and memory, and can be categorized as a nootropic agent[207].
A nine-week cross over study (5-week drug administration and 4-week withdrawal) was performed to see the effect of a composite Indian herbal preparation (CIHP-Ⅲ-consisting of EA), viz. Mentat, on avoidance learning during endurance performance of albino rats. Runimex, a circular runaway was used for this purpose. Results indicated significant improvement in avoidance learning during endurance performance due to the intake of CIHP (Ⅲ)[208].
A study provided a novel herbal composition, which promotes the proven pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidant, antistress and adpatogenic activities. Composition comprises of plant juices or together with the conventional recipients to form paste/jelly/jam/cake/cream puff/chocolate forms fortified with plants like Mangifera indica, EA, Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus which are used as functional foods[218].
A clinical trial was undertaken on 31 adult subjects, 6 of which were newly diagnosed cases, while the remaining 25 were old ones taking some anti-epileptic drugs. Mentat, 2 tablets bid, along with the other drugs for a period of six weeks brought about significant reduction in seizure frequency. Thus Mentat served as a valuable adjuvant to commonly used antiepileptic drugs. No side effects were observed with Mentat administration[195 ].
Pre-clinical research has established that BR-16A (Mentat) enhances cognition and protects against both anterograde and retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats[219,220,221,222]. This relationship holds even when rats are preselected for poor learning in an effort to define the floor effect of the formula[223]. Studies on the mechanism of action of BR-16A (Mentat) have indicated that it may have opioid peptidergic activity[200]. BR-16A (Mentat) does not appear to influence α-2 adrenergic receptor functioning but enhances the activity of dopamine postsynaptic receptors in vivo in laboratory rats[224].
BR-16A (Mentat) also enhances dopamine postsynaptic receptor functioning in the labora-tory rats. This suggests a potential application in Parkinson’s disease. A case study describing the clinical use of the formula in Parkinsonism has been reported[225].
In other experiments of Mentat, on patients with poststroke disability, out of 24 patients in the study, 13 received Mentat and 11 received a placebo for 12 weeks. Electromyography (EMG) recording following neuromuscular stimulation was done at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks. The final EMG responses in the trial group were found to be better than in the control group during study[226].
The antistress effects of BR-16A and its interaction with GABAergic modulators against social isolation-induced stress were investigated on various behavioural parameters, pentobarbitone-induced sleep (sleep latency and duration), analgesia (tail-flick test) and locomotor activity. BR-16A (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) treatment for 5 days significantly reversed the social isolation stress-induced prolongation of onset and decrease in pentobarbitone-induced sleep, increased total motor activity and stress-induced antinociception. When diazepam (0.5 mg/kg), a benzodiazepine agonist, was co-administered with BR-16A (100 mg/kg), it significantly potentiated the reversal of pentobarbitone-induced shortening of sleep time effects, increased locomotor activity and stress-induced antinociceptive effects. However, the sleep latency was not decreased significantly. Further, flumazenil (2 mg/kg), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist and FG 7142 (10 mg/kg), an inverse agonist, when co-administered with BR-16A (100 mg/kg), showed no significant reversal on pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis, locomotor activity and social isolation-induced antinociception compared with their effects perse. The study demonstrated the anti-stress effects of BR-16A preparation against social isolation-induced stress[227]. The study also suggested that the GABAergic system may be involved in its antistress effect[227].
2.2 Convulvulus pluricaulis
2.2.1 Toxicological assessment The LD50 of the whole extract of CP was found to be 1 250 (1 000–1 400) mg/kg p.o. Mice treated with the extract showed a sedative effect at doses greater than 200 mg/kg and reflected a moderate to marked decrease in locomotor activity which lasted nearly for 12 h[123].
2.2.2 Learning, memory and behavior The ethanolic extract of CP and its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were evaluated for their memory-enhancing properties. Significant improvement in learning and memory in rats was noted in passive avoidance paradigms and active avoidance tests using various laboratory models for learning and memory assessment[122].
2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150].
2.2.4 Anticonvulsant activity The water soluble portion of ethanolic extract abolished spontaneous motor activity and the fighting response, but did not affect the escape response; electrically induced convulsive seizures and tremorine-induced tremors were antagonized by the extract[150]. It was observed that the animals treated with the methanolic extracts of stem callus, leaf callus and whole plant of CP, showed significant protection against tonic convulsion induced by transcorneal electroshock, which was also comparable with that of standrad drug phenytoin[228].
2.2.5 Antioxidant activity Ethanolic extract of CP possesses significant antioxidant activity when tested in vitro[216].
2.2.6 Hypolipidemic activity Ethanolic extract of whole plant when administered to cholesterol fed gerbils, reduced serum cholesterol, low den-sity lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids significantly after 90 days[161].
2.2.7 Effect on thyroid gland The root extract of CP [0.4 mg/(kg·d) for 30 days]administered to L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroid mice decreased serum concentration of T3 and hepatic 5-D activity. These results indicate that the plant extract-induced inhibition in thyroid function is primarily mediated through T4 to T3 conversion[163]. Potential effect was shown by CP for the management of thyrotoxicosis[229].
2.2.8 Analgesic activity The extract caused a reduction in the fighting behavior in mice but was devoid of analgesic activity although it potentiated morphine analgesia[150].
2.2.9 Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity The antiulcerogenic effect of CP was found to be due to augmentation of mucosal defensive factors like mucin secretion, lifespan of mucosal cells and glycoprotein rather than the offensive factors like acid-pepsin[182].
2.2.10 Cardiovascular activity Total water soluble fraction of the plant caused a marked and prolonged hypotension in dogs and inhibited the frog myocardium[188, 189]. Ethanolic extract of the entire plant exerted a negative ionotropic action on amphibian and mammalian myocardium. It also exerted spasmolytic activity on smooth muscles[150].
2.2.11 Drug interactions There was unexpected loss of seizure control and reduction in plasma phenytoin levels in two patients who were also taking Shankhapushpi, an Ayurvedic preparation containing CP as an ingredient. In an attempt to know the cause, it was found that single dose SRC and phenytoin (oral/i.p.) co-administration did not have any effect on plasma phenytoin level but decreased the antiepileptic activity of phenytoin significantly, but in multiple-dose co-administration, Shankhapushpi not only reduced the antiepileptic activity of phenytoin but also lowered plasma phenytoin levels[194].
2.2.12 Activity of convolvine-an alkaloid isolated from CP The specific pharmacological action of convolvine has been found to block M2 and M4 cholinergic muscarinic receptors. It was also found that convolvine potentiates the effects of arecoline, a muscarinic memory enhancer that ameliorates cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease[230, 231].
2.2.13 Clinical studies of activity of polyherbal formula Maharishi Amrit kalash (MAK) is a herbal formula composed of two herbal mixtures, MAK-4 and MAK-5. These preparations are part of a natural health care system from India, known as Maharishi Ayurveda. A combination of MAK-4 and MAK-5 was found to have cancer inhibiting effects in vitro and in vivo when both used in combination[232].
Thyrocap is a herbal preparation containing solid extracts of Bauhinia variegate, Commiphora mukul, Glycyrrhiza glabra and CP (100 mg of each extract/capsule). This preparation was tried in 50 patients of simple diffuse goiter at a dose of one capsule three times a day for 3 months. A significant increase in serum T4 and T3 concentrations and a decrease in serum cholesterol concentration confirmed its thyroid stimulating pro-perty[212].
2.3 Clitorea ternatea
2.3.1 Toxicological assessment Gross behavioral and acute toxicity studies after administration of graded doses of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of CT were carried out. LD50 of the extract in mice was 2 290 mg/kg, i.p. An ethanolic extract of aerial parts and root of CT when administered orally to mice, in doses of 1 500 mg/kg and above was found to be lethargic instead of CT root extracts which up to 3 000 mg/kg administered orally failed to produce any lethality in mice[125, 126].
2.3.2 Learning, memory and behavior Effects of CT aqueous root extract on learning and memory in rat pups observed by using open field behaviour test, spontaneous alternation test, rewarded alternation test and passive avoidance test showed that the oral treatment of CT roots extract at different doses significantly enhanced memory in rats[133]. The alcoholic extracts of aerial parts and roots of CT attenuated electroshock-induced amnesia[124]. The authors also studied the possible mechanism through which CT elicits the anti-amnesic effects on central cholinergic activity by evaluating the acetylcholine content of the whole brain and acetylcholinesterase activity at different regions of the rat brain, viz., cerebral cortex, midbrain, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. It was suggested that an increase in ACh content in rat hippocampus may be the neurochemical basis for improved learning and mem-ory[120, 135]. In another study, the effect of CT aqueous root extract on the dendritic cyto-architecture of neurons of the amygdale was studied. The study showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections, branching points and dendritic processes arising from the soma of amygdaloid neurons in aqueous root extract-treated rats compared with age-matched saline controls[137].
2.3.3 Anxiolytic and antistress activity The ethanolic extract of CT caused reduction in spontaneous activity, decrease in exploratory behavioural pattern by the head dip and Y-maze test, reduction in the muscle relaxant activity by rota rod, 30° inclined screen and traction tests, and potentiated the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time[153]. In another study, the effect of alcoholic extract of aerial part of CT on spatial discrimination in rats followed by oral treatment with alcoholic extract at a dose of 460 mg/kg significantly prolonged the time taken to traverse the maze, which was equivalent to that produced by chlorpromazine. The lower dose 230 mg/kg was ineffective[125].
2.3.4 Anticonvulsant activity Methanolic extract from the aerial parts of CT was screened byusing pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and maximum electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in mice at the dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. CT significantly delayed the onset of convulsions in PTZ-induced convulsions and also delayed the duration of tonic hind limb extension in MES-induced convulsions[154]. At the dose of 230 and 460 mg/kg, no significant effects were observed in both tests[125].
2.3.5 Antidiabetic activity Ethanolic extracts of flowers significantly lowered serum sugar level in experimentally induced diabetes[181].
2.3.6 Antimicrobial activity A flavonol glycoside isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the roots of CT showed antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi[107].
2.3.7 Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyre-tic activity Methanolic extract of CT roots was reported to have significant anti-inflammatory activity in the experiment using carrageenin-induced rat paw edema and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability models in rats[168].
2.3.8 Activity of formulation Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna was found to be active as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows[213, 233].
2.4 Canscora decussata
2.4.1 Anticonvulsant activity The results of administration of crude fine powder and alcoholic extract of CD against MES, MST and hypnosis potentiation tests were found to be encouraging. The drugs were also tested for toxicity studies prior to clinical trial[157]. In another set of experiments crude dried powder and its alcoholic extract with reference to phenytoin sodium (serve as positive control) were found to provide cent percent protection against supramaximal electroshock[156]. Mangiferin and total xanthones did not elicit any anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion in a dose up to 100 mg/kg[127].
2.4.2 Antitubercular activity Chloroform soluble fraction of ethanolic extract of CD gave a mixture of about dozens of polyoxygenated xanthones, which were used for the assessment of the antimycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 RV using Youmanin medium by tube dilution methods on these xanthones[191]. A potent antimycobacterium tuberculosis component of CD was reported to possess xanthone nucleus, which should contain oxygen functions at 1-, 3- and 5-, 6- or 8-position[190].
2.4.3 Immunomodulatory activity Aqueous extract of CD was found to promote the adhesion of neutrophils by inducing the expression of cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells[165].
2.4.4 Anti-inflammatory activity Significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed in rats by carrageenin hind paw oedema, cotton pellet gra-nuloma, and granuloma pouch techniques[169, 170].
2.4.5 Hepatoprotective activity Magostin-3, 6-di-O-glucoside and mangiferin, a C-glucoside from CD roots provides a definite protection against experimentally induced carbon tetrachloride liver injury in albino rats[169].
2.4.6 Spermicidal activity Aqueous extract of this herb in a dose of 25 mg/100 mg body weight arrested spermatogenesis in albino rats[184, 185].
2.4.7 Effect of its formula on postmenopausal One of the leading pharmaceutical house in India has formulated a safe and effective herbomineral preparation viz., Menotab to relieve the distressing symptoms of postmenopausal syndrome. Menotab comprises of Withania somnifera, Elletaria cardamomum, Bombax malbaricum, Centella asiatica, Embelia ribes, Canscora decussata, Asparagus racemosus, Oyster shell extract, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Adhatoda vasica, Tinospora cordifolia and Boerhaavia diffusa[214].
2.4.8 Simultaneous pharmacological screening Methanolic extracts of five of these plants, e.g. Clitorea ternatea, Canscora decussata, C. diffusa, Evolvulus alsinoides, E. nummularius were analyzed for their anti-oxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties by using mice brain homogenates as the enzyme source. All the plants (except CT) inhibited acetylcholinesterase in a dose-dependant manner, significantly scavenged DPPH radical and superoxide radical and chelated metal ions. Total anti-oxidant capacity (equivalent to ascorbic acid) of the plant extracts was also good. It was found that CD has the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Anti-oxidant activity in all systems (except metal chelation property) was highest in CD[234].
2.4.9 Some important facts related to Shankhpushpi Upadhya and Kambhojkar[21] carried out studies on Shankhpushpi from Western Maharashtra, India and identified four major species viz. C. decussata, C. ternatea, E. alsinoides and Tephrosea purpurea as Shankhpushpi out of the nine species he studied. Rajagopalan[235] reported the effect of Ayushman-8 (containing Shankhpushpi, Brahmi and Vacha) on Manasa-mandata (mental retardation). Singh and Vishwanathan[236] suggested that there was a need for the authentication of samples of the crude drug purchased from the local market under the trade name Shankhpushpi before their utilization. They also suggested the need for authentication of C. microphyllus and E. alsinoides.
3 Summary and conclusion
An estimate of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that around 85%–90% of the world’s population consumes traditional herbal medicines. Use of herbal remedies is on the rise in developing and developed countries. Many traditional systems have records where one common vernacular name is used for two or more entirely different plant species. Controversial herbs in other words are accidental herbal medicine which comes in existence due to wrong identification of a prescribed medicinal plant. Sandigdha dravays, a term used for medicinal plants having controversial sources, appear in the ancient Indian lite-rature[11]. India is a country having variety of languages and population dependent on different tribal and folklore medicine. The variation in the language sometimes is responsible for confusion in the nomenclature of different plants having similar name. Moreover the description of a plant in the ancient literature is found in versus having ample use of synonym. These synonyms have caused controversy in the identification of plants and hence the correct source sometime is mistaken with a fictious plant. In Ayurveda, the plant Shankhpushpi is regarded as controversial in origin. Existence of four different plants is seen in different places of India as Shankhpushpi. Even the official publication of Government of India has shown more than one plant as source for the drug. Although there is lot of work for all plants which has been done for the presence of different chemicals and for various activities. A survey on different Ayurvedic formulus revealed its use as a brain tonic. Sometimes instead of using botanical name doctors only prescribed common name. Since herbal products are prepared by using the extracts of plant known for particular activity, the controversial source sometimes leads to variable preparation. Hence generation of parameters based on characterization and identification of chemical and biomarker, using modern method may provide a solution for solving out the controversy. The available herbal products may be evaluated and analyzed by using sophisticated modern techniques such as UV, TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, GC, Spectrofluorimetric, micro-array and other methods. Their biological efficacy also needs to be evaluated to justify the indications of the polyherbal formulas. In present work parameters of identification as well as differentiation among different plant sources having similar name Shankhpushpi in Ayurvedic literature have been reviewed, which may serve the purpose for solving controversy of Shankhpushpi.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
This review article draws the attention to the many species of plants possessing activity on the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, they cover the whole spectrum of central activity such as psychoanaleptic, psycholeptic and psychodysleptic effects, and several of these plants are currently used in therapeutics to treat human ailments. Among the psychoanaleptic (stimulant) plants, those utilized by human beings to reduce body weight [ Ephedra spp. (Ma Huang), Paullinia spp. (guaran谩), Catha edulis Forssk. (khat)] and plants used to improve general health conditions (plant adaptogens) were scrutinized. Many species of hallucinogenic (psychodysleptic) plants are used by humans throughout the world to achieve states of mind distortions; among those, a few have been used for therapeutic purposes, such as Cannabis sativa L., Tabernanthe iboga Baill. and the mixture of Psychotria viridis Ruiz and Pav. and Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V. Morton. Plants showing central psycholeptic activities, such as analgesic or anxiolytic actions ( Passiflora incarnata L., Valeriana spp. and Piper methysticum G. Forst.), were also analysed. Finally, the use of crude or semipurified extracts of such plants instead of the active substances seemingly responsible for their therapeutic effect is discussed.
Barleria lupulina Lindl. is a popular medicinal plant distributed in mountains of southern and western India. In the present work, the effect of methanolic extract of aerial parts of B. lupulina on CNS activity has been evaluated. The CNS activity was tested in several experimental models, in mice and rats: general behavior, exploratory behavior, muscle relaxant activity, conditioned avoidance response and phenobarbitone sodium-induced sleeping time tests. The aerial parts of the plant B. lupulina was extracted with methanol and the solvent was removed by vacuum distillation. The methanol extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) showed reduction in general behavioral pattern (spontaneous activity, alertness, awareness, pain response and touch response) in a dose dependent manner. The extract was found to produce a significant reduction of the exploratory behavioral profile (Y-maze test, head dip test) and conditioned avoidance response with all the tested doses. The methanolic extract showed significant motor incoordination and muscle relaxant activity. The extract also potentiated phenobarbitone sodium induced sleeping time. Preliminary investigation showed that the methanol extract of B. lupulina has significant psychopharmacological activity.
JohnsonN, DavisT, BosanquetN.
The epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease
[J]. How can we manage the costs? Pharmacoeconomics, 2000,18(3):215-223
Today, the clinical notion of 'memory disorder' is largely synonymous with 'Alzheimer's disease.' Only 50% of all dementias are of the Alzheimer's type though, and dementias represent only the more severe of all learning/memory disorders that derive from heredity, disease, injury or age. Perhaps as many as 30 million Americans suffer some type of clinically recognized memory disorder. To date, therapeutic drugs of only one class have been approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Fortunately, basic research during the past 25 years has begun to define a 'chemistry of brain plasticity,' which is suggesting new gene targets for the discovery of memory enhancers.
KumarDC.
Pharmacognosy can help minimize accidental misuse of herbal medicine
ABIM started as the bibliography of Jan Meulenbeld's A History of Indian Medical Literature, and was first published on the internet as a set of HTML files in 2002. In the course of 2007 a new website for ABIM and EJIM, the Electronic Journal of Indian Medicine, was created by Roelf Barkhuis and the Digital Library team of the Groningen University Library. At present the bibliography contains between 30.000 and 40.000 items. A number of summaries of articles from various periodicals are included.
ShahVC, BolePV.
Further pharmacognostic studies on the drug ‘Shankhpushpi’
Results of detailed pharmacognostic studies of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus microphyllus are summarized. The data presented here supplement and elucidate the findings of previous workers. The present studies include macroscopic and microscopic examination, preliminary chemical analysis and testing for antimicrobial activity.
AustuinDF.
Evolvulus alsinoides(Convolvulaceae): an American herb in the Old World
People in the Indian region often apply shankhapushpi and vishnukranti , two Sanskrit-based common names, to Evolvulus alsinoides . These are pre-European names that are applied to a medicinal American species transported into the area. The period of introduction is uncertain, but probably took place in the 1500s or 1600s. Examination of relationships of Evolvulus alsinoides , geographic distribution, its names in Asia, medical uses, and chemical and laboratory analysis indicates that the alien plant was adopted, given an ancient Indian name, and incorporated into some Old World pharmacopoeias. The herb apparently was included in medicines because it not only reminded people of certain aspects of their gods and goddesses, but also because the chemicals it contained were useful against some maladies.
DubeyNK, KumarR, TripathiP.
Global promotion of herbal medicine: India’s opportunity
The generic names Martiusia Schult., Nauchea Descourt., Ternatea Tourn. ex Mill., Vexillaria Eaton, and Vexillaria Raf. are synonyms of Clitoria L. The name Clitoria pinetorum McFarlin is a synonym of Clitoria fragrans Small. The name Clitoria serrulata B.G. is a synonym of Clitoria ternatea L. var. ternatea. The names Clitoria borealis Transleau & P.E. Williams and Clitoria umbellata Transleau...
CramerLH. Gentianaceae.In: Dassenayake MD, Fosberg FR(A revised handbook to the flora of ceylon)[M]. New Delhi: Amarind Publishing Co, 1981,(A revised handbook to the flora of ceylon):55-78
ABSTRACT Thirty-two plant species collected from serpentine (ultramafic) soils in Sri Lanka were screened for antimicrobial properties against three Gram-positive and two Gramnegative bacteria, a non-acid fast bacterium, and the yeast, Candida albicans. Methanol extracts of 29 species belonging to 12 families were active against at least one microorganism. Activity against the Gram-positive and non-acid fast bacteria was common, however, only two taxa, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and a species of Phyllanthus L. (Euphorbiaceae), were active against the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. None of the species was active against the other Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, or C. albicans. Photoactivity was observed from extracts of 10 species belonging to 10 families, including Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, and Rhamnaceae where photoactivity has not been previously reported. Interestingly, Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br. (Lamiaceae), one of only three species collected from more than one site, showed population-level variation in photoactivity. This is the first study where plants from highly stressful serpentine environments have been tested for antimicrobial activity. Our findings suggest that plants from serpentine environments may have altered antimicrobial activities when compared to their relatives from non-serpentine environments, urging the need to pay attention to substrate, habitat, etc., when collecting plants to test for antimicrobial properties.
AyyanarM, IgnacimuthuS.
Traditional knowledge of Kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu, India
An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among the ethnic groups (Kani/Kanikaran) in Southern Western Ghats of India. Traditional uses of 54 plant species belonging to 26 families are described under this study. In this communication, the information got from the tribals were compared with the already existing literature on ethnobotany of India. The documented ethnomedicinal plants were mostly used to cure skin diseases, poison bites, wounds and rheumatism. The medicinal plants used by kanis are arranged alphabetically followed by family name, local name, major chemical constituents, parts used, mode of preparation and medicinal uses.
HegdeHV, HegdeGR, KholkuteSD.
Herbal care for reproductive health: ethnomedicobotany from Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, India
Traditional plant use is of tremendous importance in many societies, including most rural African communities. This knowledge is however, rapidly dwindling due to changes towards a more Western lifestyle, and the influence of modern tourism. In case of the Sekenani Maasai, the recent change from a nomadic to a more sedentary lifestyle has not, thus far lead to a dramatic loss of traditional plant knowledge, when compared to other Maasai communities. However, in Sekenani, plants are used much less frequently for manufacturing tools, and for veterinary purposes, than in more remote areas. While the knowledge is still present, overgrazing and over-exploitation of plant resources have already led to a decline of the plant material available. This paper examines the plant use of the Maasai in the Sekenani Valley, North of the Masaai Mara National Reserve. The Maasai pastoralists of Kenya and Tanzania use a large part of the plants in their environment for many uses in daily life. The plant use and knowledge of the Sekenani Maasai is of particular interest, as their clan, the "Il-Purko", was moved from Central Kenya to this region by the British Colonial Administration in 1904. The results of this study indicate that despite their relocation 100 years ago, the local population has an extensive knowledge of the plants in their surroundings, and they ascribe uses to a large percentage of the plants found. One-hundred-fifty-five plant species were collected, identified and their Maa names and traditional uses recorded. Although fifty-one species were reported as of "no use", only eighteen of these had no Maasai name. Thirty-three were recognized by a distinctive Maa name. Thirty-nine species had a medicinal use, and 30 species served as fodder for livestock. Six species could not be identified. Of these plants five were addressed by the Maasai with distinct names. This exemplifies the Sekenani Maasai's indepth knowledge of the plant resources. Traditionally, the Maasai attribute most illnesses to the effect of pollutants that block or inhibit digestion. These pollutants can include "polluted" food, contact with sick people and witchcraft. In most cases the treatment of illness involves herbal purgatives to cleanse the patient. There are also frequent indications of plant use for common problems like wounds, parasites, body aches and burns.
SinhaPA, KumarSP, WahiA.
Comparative pharmacognostic study on Shankhpushpi: Canscora decussata Schult, Convulvulus pleuricaulis Chios and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn
Karandikar GK, Satakopan S. 1959 Shankhpushpi - a pharmacognostic study. III. Clitorea ternateaLinn. Indian J. Pharm. 21. 327-31. Seen in Miller, RH 1974 Root anatomy.; Leg_Pap, Local names,Pharmacognosy Medicinal plants Drug plants Materia medica ( , 185202337).
KapadiaNS, AcharyaNS, SuhagiaBN.
A pharmacognostical study on Convulvulus prostratus Forssk
.[J]. J Nat Rem, 2005,5(2):108-114
DeviBP, BoominathanR, MandalSC.
Studies on pharmacognostical profiles of Clitorea ternatea root(blue flowered variety)
Fatty acid composition determined by paper, thin layer and gas liquid chromatography revealed the presence of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in the weight ratio of 18.5, 9.5, 51.4, 16.8 and 3.8%, respectively, in Clitoria ternatea seed oil. Protein constitutes 38.4% and consists of 18 amino acids. Essential amino acid pattern is (%): lysine (6.55), histidine (2.03), threonine (3.13), phenylalanine+tyrosine (5.5), valine (5.8), methionine+cystine (1.16) and leucine+isoleucine (15.4). The seeds have been found to be rich in calories (500.5 cal/100 g).
KelemuS, CardonaC, SeguraG.
Antimicrobial and insecticidal protein isolated from seeds of Clitorea ternatea, a tropical forage legume
Abstract Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Clinical studies and photochemistry of the four plants, viz., Convolvulus pluricaulis, Evolvulus alsinoides, Canscora decussate and Clitoria ternatea commonly used as the drug Shankapushphi have been reviewed here.
BavejaSK, SinglaRD.
Investigation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn(Shankhpushpi)
An alkaloid, Sankhpuspine, has been isolated from Convolvulus pluricaulis. Also a volatile oil has been obtained by steam distillation of the fresh plant. The isolation of these two principles has been described and their physical and chemical properties have been studied.
BasuNK, DandiyaPC.
Chemical investigation of Convulvulus pluricaulis
[J]. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc, 1948,37(1):27
It has been established that convolvine blocks the M-receptors of the heart and intestine but raises the sensitivity of the M-receptors of the salivary gland and of the CNS, while atropine blocks all the abovementioned M-receptors. Convolvine has revealed characteristics of a sedative and nootropic agent. Atropine, however, which is known as a psychomotor stimulator, prevents the realization of a conditioned gastromotor reflex. An analysis has been made of the relationship between features of the pharmacological activities and chemical structures of convolvine and atropine.
RazzakovNA, AripovaSF.
Confolidine, a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus
A new tropane alkaloid was isolated from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus (Convolvulaceae, morning-glory). The structure was established as (±)3α-vanillyl-N-formylnortropane based on spectral data.
GapparovAM, RazzakovNA, AripovaSF.
Alkaloids of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan
The known alkaloid convolvidine and a new base conpropine, for which the structure N -propylconvolvine was proposed, were isolated from total alkaloids from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus .
GapparovAM, AripovaSF, RazzakovNA, .KhuzhaevVU.
Conpropine, a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan
Fatty acid composition determined by paper, thin layer and gas liquid chromatography revealed the presence of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in the weight ratio of 18.5, 9.5, 51.4, 16.8 and 3.8%, respectively, in Clitoria ternatea seed oil. Protein constitutes 38.4% and consists of 18 amino acids. Essential amino acid pattern is (%): lysine (6.55), histidine (2.03), threonine (3.13), phenylalanine+tyrosine (5.5), valine (5.8), methionine+cystine (1.16) and leucine+isoleucine (15.4). The seeds have been found to be rich in calories (500.5 cal/100 g).
Fatty acid composition of three plant species: Clitorea ternatea, .Mandulea suberosa and Ruta c75 Husain S, Devi KS. Fatty acid composition of three plant species: Clitorea ternatea, Mandulea suberosa and Ruta chalapensis. J Oil Technol Assoc India. 1998; 30: 162-164.halapensis
Abstract Nowadays several millions of people suffer from Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. Etiology of these diseases is not known very well. There occur different levels of neurotransmitters, the level of acetylcholine in the brain is decreased and pathological changes affect the brain tissue. Organic and toxic damage of the brain, free radicals, and other changes participate in the development of these diseases. Drugs as nootropics, cognitives, and neuroprotectives are commonly used to treat these diseases. Some of these drugs have often side and undesirable effects. In recent years some natural substances (galanthamine, huperzine A, vinpocetine), and standardized plant extracts (Ginkgo biloba L., Centella asiatica L.) Urban, Bacopa monniera L., Evolvulus alsinoides L.) are often used. These plant preparations produce fewer undesirable effects and the same effectiveness as the classic therapy, or these preparations are used as a supplement to the classic therapy.
Abstract Bioactivity-guided purification of n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of Evolvulus alsinoides resulted in the isolation of two new compounds, 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy)-phenyl]-2-propenoate (1) and 1,3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester (2) along with six known compounds, caffeic acid (3), 6-methoxy-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside coumarin (4), 2-C-methyl erythritol (5), kaempferol-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferol-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (7) and quecetine-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (8). The structure of new compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, while known compounds were confirmed by direct comparison of their NMR data with those reported in literature. This is the first report of the presence of phenolic constituents in Evolvulus alsinoides. The isolated compounds 1-5 and 8 were screened for anti-stress activity in acute stress induced biochemical changes in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Stress exposure has resulted in significant increase of plasma glucose, adrenal gland weight, plasma creatine kinase (CK), and corticosterone levels. Compound 1 displayed most promising antistress effect by normalizing hyperglycemia, plasma corticosterone, CK and adrenal hypertrophy, while compounds 2 and 3 were also effective in normalizing most of these stress parameters, however compounds 4, 5 and 8 were ineffective in normalizing these parameters.
Use of HPTLC to establish a distinct chemical profile for Shankhpushpi and for quantification of scopoletin in Convulvulus pluricaulis choisy and in commercial formulations of Shankhpushpi
In der Butanol-l0109slichen Fraktion der Samen wurden d0104nnschichtchromatographisch 13 Cersulfat-positive Verbindungen nachgewiesen. Von den sechs kristallisiert erhaltenen wurden vier als Adenosin, K01¤mpferol-3-rhamnoglucosid, p -Hydroxy-zimts01¤ure und 0104thyl-- D -galaktopyranosid identifiziert, die beiden restlichen als Polypeptid und Phenolglykosid.
GuptaRK, LalLB.
Chemical components of the seeds of Clitorea ternatea
Abstract Five new ternatins 1-5 have been isolated from Clitoria ternatea flowers, and the structures have been determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods as delphinidin 3-malonylG having 3'-GCG-5'-GCG, 3'-GCG-5'-GC, 3'-GCGCG-5'-GC, 3'-GCGC-5'-GCG, and 3'-GCGC-5'-GC side chains, respectively, in which G is D-glucose and C is p-coumaric acid. Pigment 1 had symmetric 3',5'-side chains. Compounds 3 and 4 are structural isomers. These ternatins were shown to form an intramolecular stacking between the aglycon ring and the 3',5'-side chains in solution.
Identification of delphinidin 3-O-(6'-O-malonyl)-β-glucoside-3'-O-β-glucoside, a postulated intermediate in the biosynjournal of ternatin C5 in the blue petals of Clitorea ternatea(butterfly pea)
Two malonylated kaempferol and quercetin glycosides and one myricetin glycoside were isolated from the petals of Clitoria ternatea, together with eleven known flavonol glycosides. Their structures were identified by UV, MS, and NMR spectroscopic methods. The flavonol compounds identified in the petals of C. ternatea differed from those reported in previous studies.
KazumaK, NodaN, SuzukiM.
Flavonoid composition related to petal color in different lines of Clitorea ternatea
Abstract Flavonoids in the petals of several C. ternatea lines with different petal colors were investigated with LC/MS/MS. Delphinidin 3-O-(2"-O-alpha-rhamnosyl-6"-O-malonyl)-beta-glucoside was newly isolated from the petals of a mauve line (wm) together with three known anthocyanins. They were identified structurally using UV, MS, and NMR spectroscopy. Although ternatins, a group of 15 (poly)acylated delphinidin glucosides, were identified in all the blue petal lines (WB, BM-1, 'Double Blue' and 'Albiflora'), WM accumulated delphinidin 3-O-(6"-O-malonyl)-beta-glucoside instead. The white petal line (WW) did not contain anthocyanins. Quantitative data showed that the total anthocyanin contents in WB and 'Double Blue' were ca. 8- and 10-fold higher than that in BM-1, a bud mutant of 'Double Blue', respectively. The total anthocyanin content in 'Albiflora' was less than 2 x 10(-3) times those in WB or 'Double Blue'. While all the lines contained the same set of 15 flavonol glycosides in similar relative ratios, the relative ratio of myricetin glycosides in ww and 'Albiflora' was ca. 30-70 times greater than those in the other lines. The change in flower color from blue to mauve was not due to a change in the structure of an anthocyanidin from delphinidin, but to the lack of (polyacylated) glucosyl group substitutions at both the 3'- and 5'-positions of ternatins. This implies that glucosylation at the 3'- and 5'-positions of anthocyanin is a critical step in producing blue petals in C. ternatea.
KazumaK, NodaN, SuzukiM.
Flavonoid composition related to petal color in different lines of Clitorea ternatea
Abstract A new, simple, sensitive, selective and precise HPTLC method has been developed for the determination of taraxerol in Clitoria ternatea L. Determination of taraxerol was performed on TLC aluminium plates. Linear ascending development was carried out in twin trough glass chamber saturated with hexane and ethyl acetate (80:20 v/v). The plate was then dried and sprayed with anisaldehyde reagent. A Camag TLC scanner III was used for spectrodensitometric scanning and analysis at 420 nm. The system was found to give compact spots for taraxerol (R(f) 0.53). The calibration plot was linear in the range of 100-1200 ng of taraxerol. The correlation coefficient of 0.9961 was indicative of good linear dependence of peak area on concentration. The concentration of taraxerol was found to be 12.4 mg/g w/w in the hydroalcoholic extract of C. ternatea root. To study the accuracy and precision of the method, recovery studies were performed. Recovery values from 99.65 to 99.74% showed excellent reliability and reproducibility of the method. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 31 and 105 ng/spot, respectively. The proposed HPTLC method for quantitative monitoring of taraxerol in C. ternatea can be used for routine quality testing of C. ternatea extract used in Ayurvedic formulations.
GhosalS, ChaudharyRK, NathA.
Chemical constituents of gentianaceae. Ⅳ. New xanthone of Canscora decussata
Three new naturally occurring xanthones - viz. , 1-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethoxyxanthone, 1,6-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone, and 1,3,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone, were isolated from the roots of Canscora decussata Schult (family Gentianaceae). The identity of these xanthones was established by chemical reactions and spectral (UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectra) evidence. Phylogenetic significance of the cooccurrence of these and other polyoxygenated xanthones in C. decussata is discussed.
MadamBR.
Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Canscora decussata: an Indian indigenous drug
Reinvestigation of the plant, Swertia decussata resulted in the isolation of four antioxidant xanthones, which were characterized as 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxy, 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1,7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthones. The structural ambiguity of the first compound was settled by ASIS-NMR and 2D NOESY spectroscopy.
ChintalwarGJ, ChattopadhyayS.
Structural conformation of deccusatin: Swertia deccusata xanthone
From the aerial parts of Canscora decussata Schult (Gentianaceae), five triterpenes, viz. gluanone, canscoradione, friedelin, fridelan-3-β-ol, and β-amyrin, three sterols, viz. sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, besides liberal amount of a mixtures of n -alkanes (C 27 -C 31 ) and n -alkanols (C 26 -C 32 ) have been isolated. The identity of the compounds has been established by chemical transformations, spectral evidence, and by direct comparison, where possible, with authentic reference materials. Gluanone and canscoradione have not been encountered before in nature.
SethiyaNK, NahataA, .DixitVK.
Simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of scopoletin and mangiferin in a methanolic extract of Canscora decussata Schult
Abstract Rhizobia isolated from root nodules of wild legumes ( Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb, Phaseolus atropurpureus Moc 芒聡聬p; Sesse DC, Clitoria ternatea L., and Crotalaria verrucosa L.) were examined for cultural, biochemical, serological and symbiotic characters. The strains were characterized by their colony morphology, growth rate, alkali production, tolerance to acid or alkali, type of flagella, temperature sensitivity, resistance to antibiotics, utilization of different carbon sources, serological relatedness and ability to nodulate other host species. All of the strains had cultural characters consistent with the slow growing rhizobia of the cowpea group. Serological relatedness examined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique showed that all of the 4 strains have antigenic homology to an isolate from a wild Arachis sp. and varying degrees of relatedness to cowpea rhizobia. All strains produced effective nodules on cowpeas and pigeonpeas but not on peanuts and kidney beans.
RoyM, BasuPS.
Contents of hormones and indole acetic acid metabolism in root nodules of Clitorea ternatea L
Clitoria ternatea L. (CT) (Family: Fabaceae) commonly known as ‘Butterfly pea’, a traditional Ayurvedic medicine, has been used for centuries as a memory enhancer, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing and sedative agent. A wide range of secondary metabolites including triterpenoids, flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins and steroids has been isolated from Clitoria ternatea Linn. Its extracts possess a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, local anesthetic, antidiabetic, insecticidal, blood platelet aggregation-inhibiting and for use as a vascular smooth muscle relaxing properties. This plant has a long use in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for several diseases and the scientific studies has reconfirmed those with modern relevance. This review is an effort to explore the chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicity studies of CT, which have long been in clinical use in Ayurvedic system of medicine along with a critical appraisal of its future ethnopharmacological potential in view of many recent findings of importance on this well known plant species.
MukherjeePK, KumarV, KumarNS, HeinrichM.
The Ayurvedic medicine Clitorea ternatea: from traditional use to scientific assessment
Neuropharmacological activities of the methanol extract of the whole plant of Shankhapushpi, Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb ex Spreng (Convolvulaceae), were studied in experimental animals. The extract was found to produce alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour. The extract also showed an inhibitory effect on conditioned avoidance response and antagonism to amphetamine toxicity. These findings explicitly suggest that the whole plant extract of C. microphyllus possesses a potential CNS-depressant activity.
PawarSA, DhuleyJN, NaikSR.
Neuropharmacology of an extract derived from Convulvulus microphyllus
Clitoria ternatea , commonly known as Shankpushpi, is widely used in the traditional Indian system of medicine as a brain tonic and is believed to promote memory and intelligence. We examined the effectiveness of alcoholic extracts of aerial and root parts of C. ternatea at 300 and 500 mg/kg doses orally in rats in attenuating electroshock-induced amnesia. Extracts at 300 mg/kg dose produced significant memory retention, and the root parts were found to be more effective. In order to delineate the possible mechanism through which C. ternatea elicits the anti-amnesic effects, we studied its influence on central cholinergic activity by estimating the acetylcholine content of the whole brain and acetylcholinesterase activity at different regions of the rat brain, viz., cerebral cortex, midbrain, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. Our results suggest that C. ternatea extracts increase rat brain acetylcholine content and acetyl cholinesterase a ctivity in a similar fashion to the standard cerebro protective drug Pyritinol.
KulkarniC, PattanshettyJR, AmruthrajG.
Effect of alcoholic extract of Clitorea ternatea Linn on central nervous system in rodents
The methanol extract of Clitoria ternatea L. root (MECTR) blue flowered variety (Family: Fabaceae), was evaluated for its anti-pyretic potential on normal body temperature and yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats. Yeast suspension (10 ml/kg body wt.) increased rectal temperature after 19 hours of subcutaneous injection. The extract, at doses of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg body wt., p.o., produced significant reduction in normal body temperature and yeast-provoked elevated temperature in a dose-dependent manner. The effect extended up to 5 hours after the drug administration. The anti-pyretic effect of the extract was comparable to that of paracetamol (150 mg/kg body wt., p.o.), a standard anti-pyretic agent.
ParimaladeviB, BoominathanR, MandalSC.
Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Clitorea ternatea L. extract in rats
Pharmacological studies of mangiferin, the major and most polar xanthone of Canscora decussata (Family Gentianaceae), and some of the less polar xanthonic constituents of the roots are reported. Mangiferin showed definite signs of CNS stimulation. Hydrocholeretic effect, cardiostimulant effect, and potentiation of subanalgesic doses of morphine are also demonstrated. The less polar xanthones, from the petroleum extract of the roots, elicited only a weak CNS depressant activity. Selected pharmacological screening of the water-soluble xanthones indicated that this fraction contained the active principle(s) of the plant.
The possible potentiation of cognitive processing on administration of Convulvulus microphyllus in rats
[J]. Indian Med, 1989,1(3):1-6.
RaiKS, RaoMS, KaranthKS.
Clitorea ternatea enhances learning and memory an experimental study on rats. International Congress on Frontiers in Pharmacology and Therapeutics in 21st Century. New Delhi, India
Clitorea ternatea(Linn) root extract treatment in rats during growth spurt period affects dendritic morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons. Calcutta(Third Congress)
[M]. Federation of Indian Physiological Societies (FIPS),: Calcutta (Abstract No. 45), 2000,( Third Congress):45
aiKS, MurthyKD, RaoMS.
Clitorea ternatea(Linn) root extract treatment in rats during growth spurt period affects dendritic morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons(Calcutta: Third Congress)
[M]. Federation of Indian Physiological Societies (FIPS): Calcutta (Abstract No. 45), 2000,( Calcutta: Third Congress):45
Abstract Ethnomedicinal studies carried out in the Gwalior Forest Division, Madhya Pradesh, India, led to interesting therapeutic applications of 102 plant species. Information on medicinal claims was collected from the tribal people called 'Sahariya' and the traditional healers who had knowledge of the traditional uses of medicinal plants. This study describes details of botanical identity, local name, parts of the plants used, mode of preparation, administration of the drug, and diseases for which the given plants are used.
AnisM, SharmaMP, IqbalM.
Herbal ethnomedicine of the Gwalior forest division in Madhya Pradesh
[J]. India Pharmaceut Biol, 2000,38(4):241-253
BhatnagarM, ShuklaSD, JainS, MundraA.
Cytoprotective effects of Shankhpushpi an E. alsenoids preparation on hippocampal cells in mice
[J]. Indian Drugs, 2000,37(6):280-285
BhatnagarM, ShuklaSD, JainS, MundraA.
Cytoprotective effects of Shankhpushpi an E. alsenoids preparation on hippocampal cells in mice
Abstract Nowadays several millions of people suffer from Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. Etiology of these diseases is not known very well. There occur different levels of neurotransmitters, the level of acetylcholine in the brain is decreased and pathological changes affect the brain tissue. Organic and toxic damage of the brain, free radicals, and other changes participate in the development of these diseases. Drugs as nootropics, cognitives, and neuroprotectives are commonly used to treat these diseases. Some of these drugs have often side and undesirable effects. In recent years some natural substances (galanthamine, huperzine A, vinpocetine), and standardized plant extracts (Ginkgo biloba L., Centella asiatica L.) Urban, Bacopa monniera L., Evolvulus alsinoides L.) are often used. These plant preparations produce fewer undesirable effects and the same effectiveness as the classic therapy, or these preparations are used as a supplement to the classic therapy.
AllimuthuM, VenillaM. Catalogue of siddha antimalarial herbs[2009-05-23]. .
Abstract Although very few drugs are currently approved by regulatory authorities for treating multi-factorial ailments and disorders of cognition such as Alzheimer's disease, certain plant-derived agents, including, for example, galantamine and rivastigmine (a semi-synthetic derivative of physostigmine) are finding an application in modern medicine. However, in Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine which is more than 5000 years old, selected plants have long been classified as 'medhya rasayanas', from the Sanskrit words 'medhya', meaning intellect or cognition, and 'rasayana', meaning 'rejuvenation'. These plants are used both in herbal and conventional medicine and offer benefits that pharmaceutical drugs lack. In the present article, an attempt has been made to review the most important medicinal plants, including Ginkgo biloba, St John's wort, Kava-kava, Valerian, Bacopa monniera and Convolvulus pluricaulis, which are widely used for their reputed effectiveness in CNS disorders.
MudgalV.
Studies on medicinal properties of Convulvulus pluricaulis and Boerhaavia diffusa
There is currently much interest in phytochemicals as bioactive components of food. The roles of fruit, vegetables and red wine in disease prevention have been attributed, in part, to the antioxidant properties of their constituent polyphenols (vitamins E and C, and the carotenoids). Recent studies have shown that many dietary polyphenolic constituents derived from plants are more effective antioxidants than vitamins E or C, and thus might contribute significantly to the protective effects . It is now possible to establish the antioxidant activities of plant-derived flavonoids in the aqueous and lipophilic phases, and to assess the extent to which the total antioxidant potentials of wine and tea can be accounted for by the activities of individual polyphenols.
Rice EvansCA, MillerNJ, PagangaJ.
Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds
[J]. Trends Plant Sci, 1977,2:152-159
ChaturvediM, MaliPC, DixitVP.
Hypolipidaemic effect of Convulvulus microphyllus in cholesterol fed gerbils
The immunomodulatory properties of amla (Emblica officinalis) and shankhpushpi (Evolvulus alsinoides) were evaluated in adjuvant induced arthritic (AIA) rat model. Injecting Complete Freund鈥檚 Adjuvant (CFA) in right hind paw of the animals induced inflammation. The crude extracts of both the herbs were administered intraperitonially following a repeated treatment profile. The anti-inflammatory response of both the extracts was determined by lymphocyte proliferation activity and histopathological severity of synovial hyperplasia. Both the extracts showed a marked reduction in inflammation and edema. At cellular level immunosuppression occurred during the early phase of the disease. There was mild synovial hyperplasia and infiltration of few mononuclear cells in amla or shankhpushpi treated animals. The induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was significantly decreased in treated animals as compared to controls. These observations suggest that both the herbal extracts caused immunosuppression in AIA rats, indicating that they may provide an alternative approach to the treatment of arthritis.
PandaS, KarA.
Inhibition of T3 production in levothyroxine-treated female mice by the root extract of Convulvulus pluricaulis
A regulated expression of cell adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin, on endothelial cells is essentially required for immune surveillance. Cell adhesion molecules regulate the extravasation and migration of body's effector cells to the site of immune activation. Failure of expression of cell adhesion molecules leads to various pathological diseases as it impairs the individuals' ability to mount an inflammatory response. Our results demonstrate that an aqueous extract prepared from Canscora decussata (CdAqE), promotes the adhesion of peripheral neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The increased adhesion is as a result of induction of the expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells. CdAqE increases the expression of steady state transcript levels of these molecules as determined by RT-PCR. These results have implications for the usage of aqueous preparation of C. decussata for upregulation of cell adhesion molecule expression.
HondaT, SaitoN, KusanoT.
Isolation of anthocyanins(Ternatin A1, A2, B1, B2, D1, and D2) from Clitorea ternatea(double blue) having blood platelet aggregation-inhibiting and vascular smooth muscle relaxing activities
[M].: Japan Kokai Tokyo Koho, 1991,: 7
ThenmozhiV, ElangoV, SadiqueJ.
Anti-inflammatory activity of some Indian medicinalplants
Abstract The anti-inflamatory activity of some of the medicinal plants were assayed at a dose of 1000 mg/kg b.wt. in male albino rats using Carrageenin induced rat raw edema. Among the fifteen medicinal plants were found to be highly effective which are discussed in this paper.
ParimaladeviB, BoominathanR, MandalSC.
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of Clitorea ternatea root
Clitoria ternatea roots methanol extract when given by oral route to rats was found to inhibit both the rat paw oedema caused by carrageenin and vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in rats. Moreover, the extract exhibited a significant inhibition in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. In the acetic acid-induced writhing response, the extract markedly reduced the number of writhings at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) in mice.
ShankarnarayanD, GopalkrishnanC, KameswaranL.
Effect of mangostin, 3, 6-di-O-glucoside and mangiferin in CCl4 liver injury in rats
Canscora decussata(Roxb.) Schult(Gentianaceae) inhibits LPS-induced expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells and carageenan-induced paw-edema in rats
Abstract A total of 148 crude ethanol extracts from 115 plant species were tested in vitro against Gram-negative strains ( Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis . Moreover, they were submitted to antifungal assays against Candida albicans and Cladosporium cucumerinum , a human and a plant pathogenic microorganism, respectively, known to be good indicators of antifungal activity. No activity was detected against the Gram-negative bacteria, while 14.8% and 10.8% of the extracts showed Gram-positive bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects on S. aureus and E. faecalis , respectively. An antifungal activity was observed with 15 extracts (10.1%). Two species were particularly active against the fungi: Dioscorea minutiflora and Erythrina vogelii . The young tubers of D. minutiflora contain metabolites with a specific effect on fungi and were not active against the bacteria. On the other hand, E. vogelii was highly effective against the Gram-positive bacteria and the fungi. Copyright 漏 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Procedures are given for making 9 antidiabetic medicines from local plants, as practised in districts of Uttar Pradesh. The species used are: Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Coccinia cordifolia [C. grandis], Convolvulus microphyllus, Ficus virens, Gymnema hirsuta [Tylophora hirsuta], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Zanthoxylum armatum [Z. planispinum].
SharmaAK, MajumdarM.
Some observations on the effect of Clitorea ternatea Linn. on changes in serum sugar level and small intestinal mucosal carbohydrase activities in alloxan diabetes
Zermahlene Clitoria ternatea -Wurzeln oder deren Extrakt in 95% Alkohol zeigten bei oraler Verabreichung in nicht-toxischer Dosis keine nennenswerte diuretische oder natriuretische Wirkung beim Hund. Intraven02se Gaben des Extraktes führten zu m01ssiger Steigerung der Ausscheidung von Natrium und Kalium im Harn, zeigten aber gleichzeitig auch Anzeichen von Nierensch01digung.
MadanBR.
Spermicidal activity of Canscora decussata an Indian indigenous drug
Canscora decussata Roem et Sch. is an Ayurvedic medicine. Its dose 1 gm/100 gm B. Wt, has spermicidal activity without any toxic side effects and does not affect leydig cells.: Using isolated healthy human leucocytes and erythrocytes in model cells, we investigated the inhibitory effect of ethanol, its metabolites and of other toxic alcohols on the active fluxes of rubidium (Rb: equivalent to K) and sodium (Na), and on N...: Analysis for incompatibilities in a family of diploids showed that parents and reciprocal progenies were self-incompatible; the latter formed 4 incompatibility classes. Crosses between classes and between progeny and parents were either compatible...: We propose a factor-screening method based on a Bayesian model selection framework and apply it to Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 simulated data with unrelated individuals to identify genes and SNP variants associated with the quantitative trait QA...: Carbenicillin and cefotaxime, two antibiotics commonly used for excluding Agrobacterium tumefaciens during plant transformation, were tested for their bacteriostatic effects and for their effects on plant regeneration in adventitious root explants...: The acetylcholine receptor (AChR), an oligomeric protein composed of five subunits, is a component of the postsynaptic membrane at the vertebrate neuromuscularjunction that plays a central role in synaptic transmission. The zebrafish mutation nicl...: Silica sand containing 2-16% of attapulgite, kaolinite or bentonite clay caused faster initial release of methylisothiocyanate (MIT) from a Mylone-treated soil than did sand alone but the total amount eventually released was similar. Adsorption of...: Each of 212 yellow-poplar sprout clumps studied had 1 live and 1 dead sprout. Butt rot was present in 26% of the living stems. Live stem ages ranged from 12 to 45 years. The dead sprout had died of suppression and its stage of decay rather than it...: The possibility of applying the title procedure as a preliminary test in forensic chemical analysis is demonstrated.: Heating of seed with an initial moisture ranging from 13.10-to 27.80 per cent. at 70 degrees C. (temperature of seeds about 52 degrees C.) increased the catalase activity; the period of heating could be prolonged to 90 min. if the temperature of s...: Paralogous genes PgiC1 and PgiC2 resulting from a single duplication encode the cytosolic isozymes of phosphoglucose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) in Clarkia. The duplication is ancestral to all extant sections of Clarkia. Both genes are expressed in spe...
RatnasooriyaWD, HewageeganaHGSP, JayakodyJRAC.
Gastroprotective activity of Evolvulus alsinoides L. powder
This study examined the gastroprotective potential of a dry powder made from whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides (Vishnukranti). This was tested using rat alcohol induced gastric lesions model following oral administration of the powder in water (209, 417.5, 835 mg/kg). The result showed a strong and dose-dependent gastroprotective activity (in terms of reduction in number and length of mucosal haemorrhagic lesions). The gastroprotection was mediated via several mechanisms: impairment of acid secretion via antihistamine action; enhancement of carbohydrate content of gastric mucus; and antioxidant action. In addition the powder was well tolerated with desired actions such as reduction of serum glucose, triglycerides, SGPT and urea levels. It is concluded that the powder of Evolvulus alsinoides has therapeutic potential as a safe orally active gastroprotective pharmacopoeia. (author abstract)
ABSTRACTMentat was tried on 105 children aged between 2-12 years, suffering from various behavioural problems comprising nocturnal enuresis, speech defects, pica, learning disability, school phobia, temper tantrums, breath-holding spells and thumb-sucking. The effect of Mentat and changes in I.Q. were assessed in these children in comparison to well matched controls. Sixty-two children were followed up every month for 1-6 months at the O.P.D.
KulkarniSK, VermaA.
BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal preparation improves learning and memory performance in mice
Abstract The effectiveness of BR-16A, a herbal psychotropic preparation, was investigated in short- term memory paradigms in mice. The passive avoidance task consisted of an electric grid with a centrally located shock-free zone (SFZ). BR-16A (50-500 mg/kg) improved passive avoidance acquisition as well as retrieval in mice. BR-16A reversed scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg)-induced disruption of learning and memory. Physostigmine (0.5 mg/kg) enhanced the effectiveness of BR-16A (50 and 100 mg/kg) against scopolamine-induced deficits. The amnesia-induced by acute treatment with electroconvulsive shock (ECS) was also significantly reversed by BR-16A (50 and 100 mg/kg). When administered in combination with GABA (50 mg/kg) and aniracetam, respectively BR-16A (50 mg/kg) treated mice showed improved learning and memory retrieval. In another model, using transfer latency as a parameter employing elevated plus-maze, similar observations were recorded in scopolamine-treated mice following administration of BR-16A along or its combination with aniracetam. The results suggest for a possibly nootropic action of BR-16A involving cholinergic and GABAergic modulation.
KulkarniSK, SharmaA.
Reversal of diazepam withdrawal induced hyperactivity in mice by BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal preparation
[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1994,32(12):886-888
AgrawalA, DubeyML, DubeyGP.
Effects of “Mentat” on memory anxiety scores of normal subjects in three age groups
[J]. Pharmacopsychologia, 1990,3:43-45
KulkarniSK, VermaA.
Prevention of development of tolerance and dependence to opiate in mice by BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal psychotropic preparation
Abstract Repeated administration of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 30 mg/kg, thrice a week) to mice for 9 weeks and subsequent challenge of the animals with the same dose of PTZ on the last chronic dose produced chemical kindling. The mice showed myoclonic jerks, clonus, Straub's tail, falling back response and full blown convulsions. The anticonvulsant profile of chronic administration of BR-16A (100 and 500 mg/kg) was studied in this model of epilepsy. BR-16A offered protection against PTZ-induced chemical kindling. The per cent animals showing myoclonic jerks and clonus was reduced to 40 and 34 with 100 mg/kg and 54 and 27 with 500 mg/kg of BR-16A, respectively. The protective effect was compared with diazepam (1 mg/kg, ip). The results demonstrated GABAA receptor mediated PTZ-induced kindling and protective effect of BR-16A therein.
BhattacharyaSK.
Behavioural studies on BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal psychotropic formulation
Abstract The anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti-aggression activities of Mentat were investigated in rats and mice, using standard behavioural paradigms. Single acute administration of Mentat, up to a dose of 200 mg/kg, ip, induced insignificant behavioural effects on the test parameters. However, when Mentat was administered subchronically for 7 days at two dose levels (50 and 100 mg/kg, intragastrically), the drug induced dose-related behavioural effects. Thus, it exhibited anxiolytic effect, as assessed by paradigms like the open-field test and elevated plus-maze tests in mice, and the social interaction test and Vogel's drink conflict test in rats. Furthermore, Mentat attenuated the increase in rat brain tribulin, a putative endocoid marker of anxiety, levels induced by pentylenetetrazole (20 mg/kg, sc), a known anxiogenic agent. Mentat attenuated footshock-induced aggressive behaviour in paired rats but failed to affect clonidine-induced automutilative behaviour. The observed aggression-attenuating effect of Mentat may be related to its anxiolytic activity. Mentat exhibited significant antidepressant effect as indicated by its ability to reduce swim stress induced immobility in Porsolt's behavioural despair test, reduction in escape failures concomitant with an increase in avoidance response in the learned helplessness test, and attenuation of muricidal behaviour, in rats. The observed behavioural effects are consonant with the reported clinical utility of Mentat as an adjuvant in the treatment of anxiety and depression.
KulkarniSK, VermaA.
Evidence for nootropic effect of BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal psychotropic preparation in mice
BR-16A (Mentat 50-500 mg/kg) improved acquisition and retention of a passive avoidance task in a step-down paradigm in mice. BR-16A (50-500 mg/kg) reversed scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg)-induced disruption of acquisition and retention. BR 16-A (50 and 100 mg/kg) attenuated amnesia produced by the acute treatment with electroconvulsive shock (ECS), immediately after training. Chronic treatment with ECS, for 6 successive days at 24 h interval, disrupted memory consolidation on the 7th day. Daily administration of BR-16A (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 6 days significantly improved memory consolidation in mice receiving chronic ECS treatment. BR-16A (20-500 mg/kg), administered on the 7th day, also attenuated the disruption of memory consolidation produced by chronic treatment with ECS. On elevated plus-maze, BR-16A (50 and 100 mg/kg) reversed scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg)-induced delay in transfer latency on the 1st day. The above data suggests a nootropic effect of BR-16A in naive and amnesic mice.
SharmaKP, KushwahaHK, SharmaSS.
A placebo-controlled trial on the efficacy of mentat in managing depressive disorders
ABSTRACT Mentat was used in 20 patients with mild to moderate symptoms of depressive disorders in this placebo-controlled trial. They were divided into two groups for comparison. The trial lasted 8 weeks.
BhattacharyaSK.
Nootropic effect of BR-16A(Mentat), a psychotropic herbal formulation, on cognitive deficits induced by prenatal undernutrition, postnatal environmental impoverishment and hypoxia in rats
Evaluation of Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows
Evaluation of Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows
To date, no pharmacological agent has been confirmed to lessen electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-induced memory deficits. BR-16A is an herbal preparation, containing various organic extracts, used in India for the enhancement of cognition (among other applications). In the present study, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received six once-daily electroconvulsive shocks (ECSs). Half the animals were treated with BR-16A (200 mg/kg/day) for 1 week before ECS, during the ECS course, and during the post-ECS learning assessment phase; the remaining animals received vehicle alone. In experiment 1, rats (n = 16/treatment group) were preassessed for learning on days 3 and 5 of exposure to the Hebb-Williams complex maze and were reassessed after comparable exposure to the maze starting from the second day post-ECS. In experiment 2, rats (n = 9/treatment group) were preassessed for number of trials to satisfactory learning and number of wrong arm entries in a T-maze and were reassessed on the second day post-ECS. The learning preassessments were conducted just prior to the commencement of the BR-16A/vehicle treatments. In both experiments, rats receiving BR-16A performed significantly better than controls. It is concluded that BR-16A protects against ECS-induced anterograde amnesia. BR-16A may therefore have scope in minimizing ECT-induced learning deficits.
AndradeC, UdayaHB, ChandraJS.
BR-16A(Mentat) restricts development of ECS-induced retrograde amnesia
BR-16A is an herbal (non allopathic) medication used in the India to enhance cognition. In experiment 1, 28 Wistar rats received either BR-16A (200 mg/kg/day) or vehicle alone for 3 weeks. During the third week, the rats were tested for learning in the Hebb Williams complex maze. BR-16A-treated rats showed significantly better learning than did controls. Experiment 2 was conducted identically except that during the second week all of 32 rats additionally received six once-daily electroconvulsive shocks (ECS). An advantage for learning was again demonstrated for the BR-16A group. It is concluded that BR-16A facilitates, and that this effect extends to a protection against ECS-induced anterograde amnesia. Cognitive deficits induced by electroconvulsice therapy are a major disadvantage of the treatment and, to-date, no drug has been found to offer satisfactory protection against such deficits. It is suggested that BR-16A may hold promise in the containment of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-induced cognitive compromise.
ABSTRACT An indigenous Ayurvedic Preparation, Mentat, was tried in-patients with post-stroke disability. Out of 24 patients in the study, 13 received Mentat and 11 received a placebo for 12 weeks. EMG recording following neuromuscular stimulation was done at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks. The final EMG responses in the trial group were found to be better than in the control group.
KumarA, KulkarniSK.
Protective effect of BR-16A, a polyherbal preparation against social isolation stress: possible GABAergic mechanism
Abstract Considering the therapeutic aspects of thyrotoxicosis, 980 cases were studied, where probable role of stress in the etiopathogenesis has been explored. These cases were then treated with standard modern therapy containing antithyroid drug with a tranquilizer and some of the patients were treated only by an Ayurvedic drug. i. e. Sankhapuspi. In early cases Sankhapuspi was found more effective than standard modern treatment. In addition, no side effect was noted in these patients treated with Sankhapuspi.
It has been established that convolvine blocks the M-receptors of the heart and intestine but raises the sensitivity of the M-receptors of the salivary gland and of the CNS, while atropine blocks all the abovementioned M-receptors. Convolvine has revealed characteristics of a sedative and nootropic agent. Atropine, however, which is known as a psychomotor stimulator, prevents the realization of a conditioned gastromotor reflex. An analysis has been made of the relationship between features of the pharmacological activities and chemical structures of convolvine and atropine.
MirzaevYR, AripovaSF.
Neuro- and psychopharmacological investigation of the alkaloids convolvine and atropine
Background Maharishi Amrit Kalash (MAK) is an herbal formulation composed of two herbal mixtures, MAK-4 and MAK-5. These preparations are part of a natural health care system from India, known as Maharishi Ayur-Veda. MAK-4 and MAK-5 are each composed of different herbs and are said to have maximum benefit when used in combination. This investigation evaluated the cancer inhibiting effects of MAK-4 and MAK-5, in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vitro assays: Aqueous extracts of MAK-4 and MAK-5 were tested for effects on ras induced cell transformation in the Rat 6 cell line assessed by focus formation assay. In vivo assays: Urethane-treated mice were put on a standard pellet diet or a diet supplemented with MAK-4, MAK-5 or both. At 36 weeks, livers were examined for tumors, sera for oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and liver homogenates for enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and NAD(P)H: quinone reductase (QR). Liver fragments of MAK-fed mice were analyzed for connexin (cx) protein expression. Results MAK-5 and a combination of MAK-5 plus MAK-4, inhibited ras-induced cell transformation. In MAK-4, MAK-5 and MAK4+5-treated mice we observed a 35%, 27% and 46% reduction in the development of urethane-induced liver nodules respectively. MAK-4 and MAK4+5-treated mice had a significantly higher ORAC value (P < 0.05) compared to controls (200.2 ?? 33.7 and 191.6 ?? 32.2 vs. 152.2 ?? 15.7 ORAC units, respectively). The urethane-treated MAK-4, MAK-5 and MAK4+5-fed mice had significantly higher activities of liver cytosolic enzymes compared to the urethane-treated controls and to untreated mice: GPX(0.23 ?? 0.08, 0.21 ?? 0.05, 0.25 ?? 0.04, 0.20 ?? 0.05, 0.21 ?? 0.03 U/mg protein, respectively), GST (2.0 ?? 0.4, 2.0 ?? 0.6, 2.1 ?? 0.3, 1.7 ?? 0.2, 1.7 ?? 0.2 U/mg protein, respectively) and QR (0.13 ?? 0.02, 0.12 ?? 0.06, 0.15 ?? 0.03, 0.1 ?? 0.04, 0.11 ?? 0.03 U/mg protein, respectively). Livers of MAK-treated mice showed a time-dependent increased expression of cx32. Conclusion Our results show that a MAK-supplemented diet inhibits liver carcinogenesis in urethane-treated mice. The prevention of excessive oxidative damage and the up-regulation of connexin expression are two of the possible effects of these products.
MarinA, CariasD, CiocciaAM, HeviaP.
Nutritional value of Musa paradisiaca and Clitorea ternatea leaves as diluents for chicken rations
Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview
1
2005
... Ayurveda is the oldest medical science in the Indian subcontinent and has been practiced since the 12th century BC. Its objective is to accomplish physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being by adopting preventive, health promoting and holistic approach towards life[1]. Drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS) are among the first to be discovered by the primitive human and are still the most widely used group of pharmacological agents. The CNS acting drugs are invaluable therapeutically, because they can produce specific physiological and psychological effects. From the vast array of materia medica of the indigenous system, many plants have been reported to have activity against CNS disorders and thus act as very useful remedies for the alleviation of human suffering[2]. Various attempts have been made to counter the aversive effects of stress, ranging from yoga and meditation to anti-stress drugs. However, despite claims to the contrary, these non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods appear to have limited utility[3]. An answer to this perplexing problem of countering stress-induced perturbations of physiological homeostasis came from the plant kingdom[4]. With the advent of newer techniques for chemical characterization and pharmacological investigations, plant-based drugs are receiving much attention. The importance of plants acting on CNS has been reviewed, and the role of adaptogens from plant origin has been emphasized[5]. ...
A historical view of the stress field
1
1975
... Ayurveda is the oldest medical science in the Indian subcontinent and has been practiced since the 12th century BC. Its objective is to accomplish physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being by adopting preventive, health promoting and holistic approach towards life[1]. Drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS) are among the first to be discovered by the primitive human and are still the most widely used group of pharmacological agents. The CNS acting drugs are invaluable therapeutically, because they can produce specific physiological and psychological effects. From the vast array of materia medica of the indigenous system, many plants have been reported to have activity against CNS disorders and thus act as very useful remedies for the alleviation of human suffering[2]. Various attempts have been made to counter the aversive effects of stress, ranging from yoga and meditation to anti-stress drugs. However, despite claims to the contrary, these non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods appear to have limited utility[3]. An answer to this perplexing problem of countering stress-induced perturbations of physiological homeostasis came from the plant kingdom[4]. With the advent of newer techniques for chemical characterization and pharmacological investigations, plant-based drugs are receiving much attention. The importance of plants acting on CNS has been reviewed, and the role of adaptogens from plant origin has been emphasized[5]. ...
Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress
1
2003
... Ayurveda is the oldest medical science in the Indian subcontinent and has been practiced since the 12th century BC. Its objective is to accomplish physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being by adopting preventive, health promoting and holistic approach towards life[1]. Drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS) are among the first to be discovered by the primitive human and are still the most widely used group of pharmacological agents. The CNS acting drugs are invaluable therapeutically, because they can produce specific physiological and psychological effects. From the vast array of materia medica of the indigenous system, many plants have been reported to have activity against CNS disorders and thus act as very useful remedies for the alleviation of human suffering[2]. Various attempts have been made to counter the aversive effects of stress, ranging from yoga and meditation to anti-stress drugs. However, despite claims to the contrary, these non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods appear to have limited utility[3]. An answer to this perplexing problem of countering stress-induced perturbations of physiological homeostasis came from the plant kingdom[4]. With the advent of newer techniques for chemical characterization and pharmacological investigations, plant-based drugs are receiving much attention. The importance of plants acting on CNS has been reviewed, and the role of adaptogens from plant origin has been emphasized[5]. ...
Plants and the central nervous system
1
2003
... Ayurveda is the oldest medical science in the Indian subcontinent and has been practiced since the 12th century BC. Its objective is to accomplish physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being by adopting preventive, health promoting and holistic approach towards life[1]. Drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS) are among the first to be discovered by the primitive human and are still the most widely used group of pharmacological agents. The CNS acting drugs are invaluable therapeutically, because they can produce specific physiological and psychological effects. From the vast array of materia medica of the indigenous system, many plants have been reported to have activity against CNS disorders and thus act as very useful remedies for the alleviation of human suffering[2]. Various attempts have been made to counter the aversive effects of stress, ranging from yoga and meditation to anti-stress drugs. However, despite claims to the contrary, these non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods appear to have limited utility[3]. An answer to this perplexing problem of countering stress-induced perturbations of physiological homeostasis came from the plant kingdom[4]. With the advent of newer techniques for chemical characterization and pharmacological investigations, plant-based drugs are receiving much attention. The importance of plants acting on CNS has been reviewed, and the role of adaptogens from plant origin has been emphasized[5]. ...
Memory enhancers
1
2006
... Ayurveda is the oldest medical science in the Indian subcontinent and has been practiced since the 12th century BC. Its objective is to accomplish physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being by adopting preventive, health promoting and holistic approach towards life[1]. Drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS) are among the first to be discovered by the primitive human and are still the most widely used group of pharmacological agents. The CNS acting drugs are invaluable therapeutically, because they can produce specific physiological and psychological effects. From the vast array of materia medica of the indigenous system, many plants have been reported to have activity against CNS disorders and thus act as very useful remedies for the alleviation of human suffering[2]. Various attempts have been made to counter the aversive effects of stress, ranging from yoga and meditation to anti-stress drugs. However, despite claims to the contrary, these non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods appear to have limited utility[3]. An answer to this perplexing problem of countering stress-induced perturbations of physiological homeostasis came from the plant kingdom[4]. With the advent of newer techniques for chemical characterization and pharmacological investigations, plant-based drugs are receiving much attention. The importance of plants acting on CNS has been reviewed, and the role of adaptogens from plant origin has been emphasized[5]. ...
Neuropharmacological profile of Barleria lupulina Lindl.Extract in animal models
1
2002
... Memory (cognition) is a recollection of that which has been experienced once or learnt. Memory may be defined as mental information system consisting of encoding, storage and retrieval[6]. Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, events, information, etc., retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later date when needed. Aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) leading to memory loss has emerged as a major concern of modern scientists. Amnesia means loss of memory. There are many different types of amnesias according to their cause. Functional amnesia refers to memory disorders that seem to result from psychological trauma, not an injury. Organic amnesia involves memory loss caused by specific malfunctions in the brain. Another variant is infantile amnesia, which refers to the fact that most people lack specific memories of the first few years of their life. AD is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized symptomati-cally by progressive deterioration of the activities of daily living, behavioral disturbances and cognitive loss[7]. Involvement of brain cholinergic activity has been recognized in memory loss. Among the possible strategies for enhancing brain cholinergic activity, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) have been used most extensively for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Physostigmine and tacrine are the only AChEIs reasonably evaluated in AD patients, even though their use is limited by the short half-life and peripheral cholinergic side-effects of physostigmine, and the dose-dependent hepatotoxicity of tacrine[8, 9]. Various mechanisms have been postulated from time to time for memory. Fortunately, basic research during the past 25 years has begun to define a chemistry of brain plasticity, which is suggesting new gene targets for the discovery of memory enhancers[10]. ...
The epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease
1
2000
... Memory (cognition) is a recollection of that which has been experienced once or learnt. Memory may be defined as mental information system consisting of encoding, storage and retrieval[6]. Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, events, information, etc., retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later date when needed. Aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) leading to memory loss has emerged as a major concern of modern scientists. Amnesia means loss of memory. There are many different types of amnesias according to their cause. Functional amnesia refers to memory disorders that seem to result from psychological trauma, not an injury. Organic amnesia involves memory loss caused by specific malfunctions in the brain. Another variant is infantile amnesia, which refers to the fact that most people lack specific memories of the first few years of their life. AD is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized symptomati-cally by progressive deterioration of the activities of daily living, behavioral disturbances and cognitive loss[7]. Involvement of brain cholinergic activity has been recognized in memory loss. Among the possible strategies for enhancing brain cholinergic activity, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) have been used most extensively for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Physostigmine and tacrine are the only AChEIs reasonably evaluated in AD patients, even though their use is limited by the short half-life and peripheral cholinergic side-effects of physostigmine, and the dose-dependent hepatotoxicity of tacrine[8, 9]. Various mechanisms have been postulated from time to time for memory. Fortunately, basic research during the past 25 years has begun to define a chemistry of brain plasticity, which is suggesting new gene targets for the discovery of memory enhancers[10]. ...
Cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, a comparison of tolerability and pharmacology
1
1998
... Memory (cognition) is a recollection of that which has been experienced once or learnt. Memory may be defined as mental information system consisting of encoding, storage and retrieval[6]. Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, events, information, etc., retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later date when needed. Aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) leading to memory loss has emerged as a major concern of modern scientists. Amnesia means loss of memory. There are many different types of amnesias according to their cause. Functional amnesia refers to memory disorders that seem to result from psychological trauma, not an injury. Organic amnesia involves memory loss caused by specific malfunctions in the brain. Another variant is infantile amnesia, which refers to the fact that most people lack specific memories of the first few years of their life. AD is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized symptomati-cally by progressive deterioration of the activities of daily living, behavioral disturbances and cognitive loss[7]. Involvement of brain cholinergic activity has been recognized in memory loss. Among the possible strategies for enhancing brain cholinergic activity, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) have been used most extensively for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Physostigmine and tacrine are the only AChEIs reasonably evaluated in AD patients, even though their use is limited by the short half-life and peripheral cholinergic side-effects of physostigmine, and the dose-dependent hepatotoxicity of tacrine[8, 9]. Various mechanisms have been postulated from time to time for memory. Fortunately, basic research during the past 25 years has begun to define a chemistry of brain plasticity, which is suggesting new gene targets for the discovery of memory enhancers[10]. ...
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants
1
2007
... Memory (cognition) is a recollection of that which has been experienced once or learnt. Memory may be defined as mental information system consisting of encoding, storage and retrieval[6]. Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, events, information, etc., retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later date when needed. Aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) leading to memory loss has emerged as a major concern of modern scientists. Amnesia means loss of memory. There are many different types of amnesias according to their cause. Functional amnesia refers to memory disorders that seem to result from psychological trauma, not an injury. Organic amnesia involves memory loss caused by specific malfunctions in the brain. Another variant is infantile amnesia, which refers to the fact that most people lack specific memories of the first few years of their life. AD is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized symptomati-cally by progressive deterioration of the activities of daily living, behavioral disturbances and cognitive loss[7]. Involvement of brain cholinergic activity has been recognized in memory loss. Among the possible strategies for enhancing brain cholinergic activity, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) have been used most extensively for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Physostigmine and tacrine are the only AChEIs reasonably evaluated in AD patients, even though their use is limited by the short half-life and peripheral cholinergic side-effects of physostigmine, and the dose-dependent hepatotoxicity of tacrine[8, 9]. Various mechanisms have been postulated from time to time for memory. Fortunately, basic research during the past 25 years has begun to define a chemistry of brain plasticity, which is suggesting new gene targets for the discovery of memory enhancers[10]. ...
Targeting the CREB pathway for memory enhancers
1
2003
... Memory (cognition) is a recollection of that which has been experienced once or learnt. Memory may be defined as mental information system consisting of encoding, storage and retrieval[6]. Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, events, information, etc., retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later date when needed. Aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) leading to memory loss has emerged as a major concern of modern scientists. Amnesia means loss of memory. There are many different types of amnesias according to their cause. Functional amnesia refers to memory disorders that seem to result from psychological trauma, not an injury. Organic amnesia involves memory loss caused by specific malfunctions in the brain. Another variant is infantile amnesia, which refers to the fact that most people lack specific memories of the first few years of their life. AD is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized symptomati-cally by progressive deterioration of the activities of daily living, behavioral disturbances and cognitive loss[7]. Involvement of brain cholinergic activity has been recognized in memory loss. Among the possible strategies for enhancing brain cholinergic activity, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) have been used most extensively for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Physostigmine and tacrine are the only AChEIs reasonably evaluated in AD patients, even though their use is limited by the short half-life and peripheral cholinergic side-effects of physostigmine, and the dose-dependent hepatotoxicity of tacrine[8, 9]. Various mechanisms have been postulated from time to time for memory. Fortunately, basic research during the past 25 years has begun to define a chemistry of brain plasticity, which is suggesting new gene targets for the discovery of memory enhancers[10]. ...
Pharmacognosy can help minimize accidental misuse of herbal medicine
2
2007
... In Ayurvedic literature, medicinal plants from more than one botanical source have been employed for a single entity raising controversy as to correct identity of a drug. The availability of the plant in usage of particular region has forced the practitioners to substitute with nearly similar pharmacological or therapeutic action. Many of the traditional systems have records where one common vernacular name is applied to plants with two or more entirely different plant species[11]. Our studies on Ayurvedic plants reveal that although the botanical source of an Ayurvedic medicine may differ, the basic pharmacological category is not inconsistent. It may be that during the process of development of Ayurveda, the Vaidya practicing it in different regions of the subcontinent may have found substitutes which replaced the original plant drug. ...
... An estimate of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that around 85%–90% of the world’s population consumes traditional herbal medicines. Use of herbal remedies is on the rise in developing and developed countries. Many traditional systems have records where one common vernacular name is used for two or more entirely different plant species. Controversial herbs in other words are accidental herbal medicine which comes in existence due to wrong identification of a prescribed medicinal plant. Sandigdha dravays, a term used for medicinal plants having controversial sources, appear in the ancient Indian lite-rature[11]. India is a country having variety of languages and population dependent on different tribal and folklore medicine. The variation in the language sometimes is responsible for confusion in the nomenclature of different plants having similar name. Moreover the description of a plant in the ancient literature is found in versus having ample use of synonym. These synonyms have caused controversy in the identification of plants and hence the correct source sometime is mistaken with a fictious plant. In Ayurveda, the plant Shankhpushpi is regarded as controversial in origin. Existence of four different plants is seen in different places of India as Shankhpushpi. Even the official publication of Government of India has shown more than one plant as source for the drug. Although there is lot of work for all plants which has been done for the presence of different chemicals and for various activities. A survey on different Ayurvedic formulus revealed its use as a brain tonic. Sometimes instead of using botanical name doctors only prescribed common name. Since herbal products are prepared by using the extracts of plant known for particular activity, the controversial source sometimes leads to variable preparation. Hence generation of parameters based on characterization and identification of chemical and biomarker, using modern method may provide a solution for solving out the controversy. The available herbal products may be evaluated and analyzed by using sophisticated modern techniques such as UV, TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, GC, Spectrofluorimetric, micro-array and other methods. Their biological efficacy also needs to be evaluated to justify the indications of the polyherbal formulas. In present work parameters of identification as well as differentiation among different plant sources having similar name Shankhpushpi in Ayurvedic literature have been reviewed, which may serve the purpose for solving controversy of Shankhpushpi. ...
Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy
2
2001
... Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India. ...
... The pharmacognostical profile of Shankhpushpi[12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 35-42] is shown in Table 2. ...
Shankhpuspi(Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.)
2
2005
... Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India. ...
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Botanical identity of Shankapushpi
2
1961
... Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India. ...
... The pharmacognostical profile of Shankhpushpi[12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 35-42] is shown in Table 2. ...
Further pharmacognostic studies on the drug ‘Shankhpushpi’
2
1960
... Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India. ...
... The pharmacognostical profile of Shankhpushpi[12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 35-42] is shown in Table 2. ...
Evolvulus alsinoides(Convolvulaceae): an American herb in the Old World
3
2008
... Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India. ...
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Global promotion of herbal medicine: India’s opportunity
1
2004
... Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India. ...
Materia medica of the local health traditions of Payyannur
1
2004
... Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India. ...
Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants
2
2005
... Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India. ...
... The pharmacognostical profile of Shankhpushpi[12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 35-42] is shown in Table 2. ...
Treatise of Indian medicinal plants
2
1990
... Shankhpushpi is considered as Medhya Rasayana in Ayurvedic texts. Shankhpushpi of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consists of whole plant of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP, Convulvulaceae) (Syn: Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng)[12]. Plants other than Convolvulus pluricaulis are used as sources of drug in different parts of the country, and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA, Convulvulaceae) is also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners. Other plants e.g. Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT, Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (CD, Gentianaceae) are also used as Shankhpushpi by some practitioners[13,14,15,16,17,18]. Whatever is the source, the drug finds the use for its therapeutic effects on CNS disorders like insanity, epilepsy, nervous debility and memory enhancement[19, 20]. Many formulas containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market and Shankhpushpi is vigorously advertised for memory enhancement in print and electronic media in India. ...
... The pharmacognostical profile of Shankhpushpi[12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 35-42] is shown in Table 2. ...
Studies on Ayurvedic drug Shankhpushpi from Western maharastra medicobotanical reported aspects
2
1993
... Shankhpushpi is a reputed drug of Ayurveda and reported as a brain tonic, nervine tonic, alternative and laxative[21, 22]. It has also been found effective in anxiety and neurosis, due to its clinical anti-anxiety effects and improved mental function highly esteemed by ancient Indian physicians as a wonderful nervine tonic & memory invigorator and used in cerebral abnormalities, epilepsy, insomnia, burning sensation, oedema, urinary disorders, snake-bites and disease caused by evil spirits. It is best tonic for brain and nerves and is also recommended for sexual & seminal debilities[23]. Shankhpushpi is found to be one of the ingredients in majority of the formulas available in market like Dimagheen (Dawakhana Tibiya College), Shankhpushpi syrup (Unjha), Shankhavali Churna (Narnaryan Pharmacy), BR-16A (Himalaya Drug. Co. Ltd.) etc, which were prescribed as brain tonics in Ayurvedic system of medicine. ...
... 2.4.9 Some important facts related to Shankhpushpi Upadhya and Kambhojkar[21] carried out studies on Shankhpushpi from Western Maharashtra, India and identified four major species viz. C. decussata, C. ternatea, E. alsinoides and Tephrosea purpurea as Shankhpushpi out of the nine species he studied. Rajagopalan[235] reported the effect of Ayushman-8 (containing Shankhpushpi, Brahmi and Vacha) on Manasa-mandata (mental retardation). Singh and Vishwanathan[236] suggested that there was a need for the authentication of samples of the crude drug purchased from the local market under the trade name Shankhpushpi before their utilization. They also suggested the need for authentication of C. microphyllus and E. alsinoides. ...
Mild cognitive impairments
1
2000
... Shankhpushpi is a reputed drug of Ayurveda and reported as a brain tonic, nervine tonic, alternative and laxative[21, 22]. It has also been found effective in anxiety and neurosis, due to its clinical anti-anxiety effects and improved mental function highly esteemed by ancient Indian physicians as a wonderful nervine tonic & memory invigorator and used in cerebral abnormalities, epilepsy, insomnia, burning sensation, oedema, urinary disorders, snake-bites and disease caused by evil spirits. It is best tonic for brain and nerves and is also recommended for sexual & seminal debilities[23]. Shankhpushpi is found to be one of the ingredients in majority of the formulas available in market like Dimagheen (Dawakhana Tibiya College), Shankhpushpi syrup (Unjha), Shankhavali Churna (Narnaryan Pharmacy), BR-16A (Himalaya Drug. Co. Ltd.) etc, which were prescribed as brain tonics in Ayurvedic system of medicine. ...
Bhavaprakasa nighantu(Commentary)
1
1969
... Shankhpushpi is a reputed drug of Ayurveda and reported as a brain tonic, nervine tonic, alternative and laxative[21, 22]. It has also been found effective in anxiety and neurosis, due to its clinical anti-anxiety effects and improved mental function highly esteemed by ancient Indian physicians as a wonderful nervine tonic & memory invigorator and used in cerebral abnormalities, epilepsy, insomnia, burning sensation, oedema, urinary disorders, snake-bites and disease caused by evil spirits. It is best tonic for brain and nerves and is also recommended for sexual & seminal debilities[23]. Shankhpushpi is found to be one of the ingredients in majority of the formulas available in market like Dimagheen (Dawakhana Tibiya College), Shankhpushpi syrup (Unjha), Shankhavali Churna (Narnaryan Pharmacy), BR-16A (Himalaya Drug. Co. Ltd.) etc, which were prescribed as brain tonics in Ayurvedic system of medicine. ...
Nomenclatural notes on the genus Clitorea for the Flora North American Project
1
2000
... According to Ayurveda, Medhya can promote intellectual capacity; Swarakarini can improve voice; Grahabhootadi doshaghni is useful in diseases of supernatural origin; Rasayani can rejuvenate the body; Kantida can enhance the aura of body and give it a healthy look; Majjadhatu rasayana can rejuvenate the nervous tissue; Unmadaghna can alleviate insanity and emotional instability; Vrishya is an aphrodisiac; Pachanbala can increase the strength of the digestive system; Chedana is a laxative; Nidrajnana can promote sleep. Besides this, Shankhapushpi can improve digestion, prevent water retention, borborygmus and constipation. It is specifically beneficial where digestion is upset because of nervousness and anxiety (Unpublished). The classification of Shankhpushpi[24] was shown in Table 1. ...
1
1981
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
The convulvulus species of the Canary Isles, the Mediterranean region and the Near and Middle East
1
1967
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
CNS-active drugs from plants indigenous to India
1
1970
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
Flora of Panama
1
1980
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
Antimicrobial activity of plants collected from serpentine outcrops in Sri Lanka
1
2002
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
Traditional knowledge of Kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu, India
1
2005
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
Herbal care for reproductive health: ethnomedicobotany from Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, India
1
2007
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
Ethanomedicinal plants used by the Valaiyan community of Piranmalai hills(Reserved forest), Tamilnadu, India: a pilot study
1
2006
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
The useful plants of west tropical Africa
1
1985
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya
1
2006
... Of the four species most commonly associated with the Sanskrit names Shankhapushpi and vishnukranti, CD is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, tropical Africa, and Southeastern Asia[16, 25], CP is known from the margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a distribution that Sáad called “Saharo Sindian”. In India it is widely distributed in and grows on the waste land in the plains of Punjab, Bihar and Chhotanagpur[26, 27]. CT is cultivated throughout India, but is naturalized in the more tropical regions[28]. EA is naturalized widely in India and elsewhere[29,30,31,32,33,34]. ...
Comparative pharmacognostic study on Shankhpushpi: Canscora decussata Schult, Convulvulus pleuricaulis Chios and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn
1
1986
... The pharmacognostical profile of Shankhpushpi[12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 35-42] is shown in Table 2. ...
Indian medicinal plants(2nd ed)
0
1993
Phytochemistry of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn
0
1958
Shankhpushpi-{A} pharmacognostic study-{Ⅰ}. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn
Shankhpushpi-{A} pharmacognostic study-{Ⅲ}. Clitorea ternatea Linn
0
1959
A pharmacognostical study on Convulvulus prostratus Forssk
0
2005
Studies on pharmacognostical profiles of Clitorea ternatea root(blue flowered variety)
1
2002
... The pharmacognostical profile of Shankhpushpi[12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 35-42] is shown in Table 2. ...
A textbook of pharmacognosy(7th ed)
1
1990
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Chemical studies of Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb
2
1978
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Chemical studies of Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy
2
1969
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... , 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Purification and partial characterization of trypsin inhibitors from seeds of Clitorea ternatea
1
1992
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Oligosaccharides in several Philippine indigenous food legumes: determination, localization and removal
1
1990
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Mucilage from the leaves of Clitorea ternatea
2
1960
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... [48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Influence of sugars on ergot alkaloid production by cell suspensions of Evolvulus alsinoides L
1
1981
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Ergolines in the seeds of some Indian Convolvulaceae
1
1987
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Ergolines in the seeds of some Indian Convolvulaceae
1
1987
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Free amino acids and amides in legume root nodules
1
1964
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical examination of Clitoria ternatea seeds
2
1981
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... [52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Antimicrobial and insecticidal protein isolated from seeds of Clitorea ternatea, a tropical forage legume
1
2004
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
A preliminary note on the pharmacology of evolvine
2
1956
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... [54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Some pharmacological actions of evolvine hydrochloride
2
1959
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... 2.1.7 Evolvine hydrochloride The hydrochloride of alkaloid evolvine was reported to exhibit lobeline-like action on the cardiovascular system. In cats, the drug demonstrated sympathomimetic activity. The blood pressure remained elevated for a longer duration as compared with adrenaline. Increase in peripheral pressure was observed on local injection of the drug[55]. ...
Some pharmacological actions of evolvine hydrochloride
2
1959
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... 2.1.7 Evolvine hydrochloride The hydrochloride of alkaloid evolvine was reported to exhibit lobeline-like action on the cardiovascular system. In cats, the drug demonstrated sympathomimetic activity. The blood pressure remained elevated for a longer duration as compared with adrenaline. Increase in peripheral pressure was observed on local injection of the drug[55]. ...
Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Shankhpushpi four varieties
4
1988
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... -56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... 2.1.1 Toxicology Ayurvedic medicine regards EA highly for its effect on CNS. Moderate doses (200 mg/kg) of the alcoholic extract of EA caused drowsiness, stupor and less mobility in albino mice; higher doses were neither toxic nor lethal. Laboratory studies revealed the herb as anticatatonic and a CNS depressant with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 450 mg/kg[56, 121]. ...
Investigation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn(Shankhpushpi)
3
1969
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... [57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Investigation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn(Shankhpushpi)
3
1969
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... [57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
1
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Chemical investigation of Convulvulus pluricaulis
2
1948
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical investigation of Convulvulus pluricaulis
2
1948
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
1
1988
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Effect of Shankhpushpi on experimental stress
3
1974
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
Text book of pharmacognosy
4
2000
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... [62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... [62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Neuro- and psychopharmacological investigations of the alkaloids convolvine and atropine
1
1998
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Confolidine, a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus
1
2004
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Alkaloids of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan
1
2007
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Alkaloids of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan
1
2007
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Conpropine, a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan
1
2008
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Conpropine, a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan
1
2008
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Alkaloid biosynjournal influenced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation and bioreactor in Clitorea ternatea(Linn.)
1
2003
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical constituents of the roots of Canscora decussata
3
1971
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... , 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... [68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Evolvulus alsinoides L
1
2006
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Evolvulus alsinoides L
1
2006
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Chemical examination of the fatty acids of Convulvulus pluricaulis
3
1969
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... [70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Gas chromatographic identification of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and hydrocarbons of Convulvulus pluricaulis(Choisy)
1
1975
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Oil content and fatty acid composition of Clitorea ternatea seeds
1
1971
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Fatty acids of Clitorea ternatea seed oils
1
1975
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Fatty acids of Clitorea ternatea seed oils
1
1975
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical examination of Clitorea ternatea seeds
1
1981
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical examination of Clitorea ternatea seeds
1
1981
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Fatty acid composition of three plant species: Clitorea ternatea, Mandulea suberosa and Ruta chalapensis
1
1998
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Fatty acid composition of three plant species: Clitorea ternatea, .Mandulea suberosa and Ruta c75 Husain S, Devi KS. Fatty acid composition of three plant species: Clitorea ternatea, Mandulea suberosa and Ruta chalapensis. J Oil Technol Assoc India. 1998; 30: 162-164.halapensis
1
1998
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Plant metabolites as nootropics and cognitives
1
2006
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Anti-stress constituents of Evolvulus alsinoides: an Ayurvedic crude drug
3
2007
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... 2.1.3 Adaptogenic, anxiolytic and anti-amnesic activity Ethanol extract of the aerial parts of the drug was evaluated for CNS activity by using elevated plus maze test, open field exploratory behavior and rota rod performance experiments. The ethanol extract as well as its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions was tested in experimental models employing rats and mice. The extracts were also studied for their in vitro antioxidant potential to correlate their anxiolytic activity[216]. The improvement in the peripheral stress markers and scopolamine-induced dementia by EA in the chronic unpredictable stress and acute stress models indicated the adpatogenic and anti-amnesic properties of EA, against a well known adaptogen i.e. Panax quinquefolium[130]. Phenolics and flavonoids, isolated form bioactivity-guided purification of n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of EA, were screened for antistress activity in acute stress models. Stress exposure resulted in significant increase of plasma glucose, adrenal gland weight, plasma creatine kinase, and corticosterone levels. One constituent displayed most promising antistress effect by normalizing hyperglycemia, plasma corticosterone, creatine kinase and adrenal hypertrophy, while others were also effective in normalizing most of these stress parameters[77]. Effects of methanolic extracts of roots of EA (MEEA) on acute reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia showed increased vacuous chewing frequencies (VCMs) and TPs in acute reserpine-treated animals compared with vehicle-treated animals. Chronic treatment significantly reversed the reserpine-induced VCMs and TPs in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the locomotor activity as well as the transfer latency in acute reserpine-treated rats[217]. ...
Chemical examination of Evolvulus alsinoides
1
1958
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Antifungal spectrum of some petal extracts
0
1981
Antifungal spectrum of some petal extracts
0
1981
Plant resources in South-East Asia. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. Leiden:
1
2001
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Densitometric standardization of herbal medical products containing Evolvulus alsinoides by quantification of a marker compound
2
2005
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... [81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Use of HPTLC to establish a distinct chemical profile for Shankhpushpi and for quantification of scopoletin in Convulvulus pluricaulis choisy and in commercial formulations of Shankhpushpi
2
2006
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
... [82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Estimation of scopoletin in leaf and leaf callus of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb
1
2005
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
Spectrofluorimetric estimation of scopoletin in Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. and Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy
1
2008
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpuspi
Phytochemistry
E. alsinoides
C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates
D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids
Ergot alkaloids[49, 50].
Proteins and amino acids [44, 45].
Alkaloids
Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine[54,55,56,57]. Tropane alkaloids[58].
Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported[57, 69].
Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C14-C17. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides[76, 77]. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins[54-56, 78-80]. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[82].
Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[84].
Plant growth regulator
Phytohormones[16]
Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi ...
β-sitosterol from the seeds of Clitorea ternatea
1
1960
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical investigation of the seeds of Clitorea ternatea
1
1967
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical study of Clitorea ternatea seeds
1
1968
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical components of the seeds of Clitorea ternatea
1
1968
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Anthocyanins from the flowers of Clitorea ternatea
1
1977
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Anthocyanins from the flowers of Clitorea ternatea.ed
1
1977
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Five new anthocyanins, ternatins A3, B4, B3, B2, and D2, from Clitorea ternatea flowers
1
1996
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Structures of Clitorea ternatea pigments
1
1989
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Structure of ternatin A1, the largest ternatin in the major blue anthocyanins from Clitorea ternatea flower
1
1990
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Structure of ternatin D1, an acylated anthocyanin from Clitorea ternatea flowers
1
1989
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Acylated anthocyanins of Clitorea ternatea flowers and their acyl moieties
2
1990
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... [94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Further structural elucidation of the anthocyanin, deacyl ternatin, from Clitorea ternatea
1
1990
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Structure of ternatin A2, one of Clitorea ternatea flower anthocyanins having unsymmetrical side chains
1
1990
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Eight new anthocyanins, ternatins C1-C5 and D3 and preternatins A3 and C4 from young Clitorea ternatea flowers
1
1998
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Structure of ternatin B1, a pentaacylated anthocyanin substituted on the B-ring asymmetrically with two long chains
1
1990
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Structure of ternatin B1, a pentaacylated anthocyanin substituted on the B-ring asymmetrically with two long chains
1
1990
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical examination of the leaves of Clitorea ternatea
1
1959
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Studies on the constituents of Formosan Leguminosae. I. The constituents in the leaves of Clitorea ternatea L(author’s transl
1
1977
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Isolation of stigmast-4-ene-3, 6-dione from Hamelia patens and Clitorea ternatea
1
1978
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Isolation of stigmast-4-ene-3, 6-dione from Hamelia patens and Clitorea ternatea
1
1978
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Isolation and identification of pigments of the flowers of Clitorea ternatea
1
1979
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Acylated delphinidin glucosides and flavonols from Clitorea ternatea
1
1985
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Identification of delphinidin 3-O-(6'-O-malonyl)-β-glucoside-3'-O-β-glucoside, a postulated intermediate in the biosynjournal of ternatin C5 in the blue petals of Clitorea ternatea(butterfly pea)
1
2004
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Malonylated flavonol glycosides from the petals of Clitorea ternatea
2
2003
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... [105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Flavonoid composition related to petal color in different lines of Clitorea ternatea
2
2003
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... , 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Flavonoid composition related to petal color in different lines of Clitorea ternatea
2
2003
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... , 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Antimicrobial activity of a novel flavonol glycoside isolated from the roots of Clitorea ternatea Linn
2
2003
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... 2.3.6 Antimicrobial activity A flavonol glycoside isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the roots of CT showed antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi[107]. ...
Taraxerol from Clitorea ternatea
1
1963
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Taraxerone from Clitorea ternatea
1
1964
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Taraxerone from Clitorea ternatea
1
1964
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Validation of HPTLC method for the analysis of taraxerol in Clitorea ternatea
1
2008
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical constituents of gentianaceae. Ⅳ. New xanthone of Canscora decussata
1
1973
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Canscora decussata: an Indian indigenous drug
1
1960
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical constituents of gentianaceae XX: natural occurrence of(-)-loliolide in Canscora decussata
1
1976
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Chemical constituents of gentianaceae part 22, structure of new 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthone Canscora decussata Schult
1
1977
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Structural conformation of deccusatin: Swertia deccusata xanthone
1
2006
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Structural conformation of deccusatin: Swertia deccusata xanthone
1
2006
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Lanostane triterpenes of Canscora decussata
1
1973
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of scopoletin and mangiferin in a methanolic extract of Canscora decussata Schult
1
2008
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Characterization of indigenous rhizobia from wild legumes
1
1984
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
Contents of hormones and indole acetic acid metabolism in root nodules of Clitorea ternatea L
1
1992
... Different phytochemical features of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Carbohydrates
Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan[48].
Proteins and amino acids
Amino acids and amides[51], characterization of amino acid[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors[53].
Alkaloids
An alkaloid[48, 67].
Alkaloid[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids[72,73,74,75]. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil[52].
Phytochemistry
C. ternatea
C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids
P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside[85,86,87,88]. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin[99,100,101,102,103,104,105], delphinidin[106], acylated anthocyanins[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides[105, 106]. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots[108, 109]. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC[110].
Xanthone[56, 68, 111, 112], (-)-loliolides[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones [115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines[68], lanostane triterpenoids[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry[117].
Plant growth regulator
Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid[118, 119].
1.5 Structures of chief secondary metabolites
The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
The Ayurvedic medicine Clitorea ternatea: from traditional use to scientific assessment
2
2008
... The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... 2.3.2 Learning, memory and behavior Effects of CT aqueous root extract on learning and memory in rat pups observed by using open field behaviour test, spontaneous alternation test, rewarded alternation test and passive avoidance test showed that the oral treatment of CT roots extract at different doses significantly enhanced memory in rats[133]. The alcoholic extracts of aerial parts and roots of CT attenuated electroshock-induced amnesia[124]. The authors also studied the possible mechanism through which CT elicits the anti-amnesic effects on central cholinergic activity by evaluating the acetylcholine content of the whole brain and acetylcholinesterase activity at different regions of the rat brain, viz., cerebral cortex, midbrain, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. It was suggested that an increase in ACh content in rat hippocampus may be the neurochemical basis for improved learning and mem-ory[120, 135]. In another study, the effect of CT aqueous root extract on the dendritic cyto-architecture of neurons of the amygdale was studied. The study showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections, branching points and dendritic processes arising from the soma of amygdaloid neurons in aqueous root extract-treated rats compared with age-matched saline controls[137]. ...
The Ayurvedic medicine Clitorea ternatea: from traditional use to scientific assessment
2
2008
... The chemical structures of chief secondary metabolites are shown in Figure 1[77], Figure 2[59-61, 70], Figure 3[120] and Figure 4 to 6. ...
... 2.3.2 Learning, memory and behavior Effects of CT aqueous root extract on learning and memory in rat pups observed by using open field behaviour test, spontaneous alternation test, rewarded alternation test and passive avoidance test showed that the oral treatment of CT roots extract at different doses significantly enhanced memory in rats[133]. The alcoholic extracts of aerial parts and roots of CT attenuated electroshock-induced amnesia[124]. The authors also studied the possible mechanism through which CT elicits the anti-amnesic effects on central cholinergic activity by evaluating the acetylcholine content of the whole brain and acetylcholinesterase activity at different regions of the rat brain, viz., cerebral cortex, midbrain, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. It was suggested that an increase in ACh content in rat hippocampus may be the neurochemical basis for improved learning and mem-ory[120, 135]. In another study, the effect of CT aqueous root extract on the dendritic cyto-architecture of neurons of the amygdale was studied. The study showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections, branching points and dendritic processes arising from the soma of amygdaloid neurons in aqueous root extract-treated rats compared with age-matched saline controls[137]. ...
Behavioral and lethal effects of alcoholic extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides in albino mice
1
1997
... 2.1.1 Toxicology Ayurvedic medicine regards EA highly for its effect on CNS. Moderate doses (200 mg/kg) of the alcoholic extract of EA caused drowsiness, stupor and less mobility in albino mice; higher doses were neither toxic nor lethal. Laboratory studies revealed the herb as anticatatonic and a CNS depressant with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 450 mg/kg[56, 121]. ...
Effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. on learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents
1
2008
... 2.2.2 Learning, memory and behavior The ethanolic extract of CP and its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were evaluated for their memory-enhancing properties. Significant improvement in learning and memory in rats was noted in passive avoidance paradigms and active avoidance tests using various laboratory models for learning and memory assessment[122]. ...
Effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. on learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents
1
2008
... 2.2.2 Learning, memory and behavior The ethanolic extract of CP and its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were evaluated for their memory-enhancing properties. Significant improvement in learning and memory in rats was noted in passive avoidance paradigms and active avoidance tests using various laboratory models for learning and memory assessment[122]. ...
Neuropharmacology of an extract derived from Convulvulus microphyllus
2
2001
... 2.2.1 Toxicological assessment The LD50 of the whole extract of CP was found to be 1 250 (1 000–1 400) mg/kg p.o. Mice treated with the extract showed a sedative effect at doses greater than 200 mg/kg and reflected a moderate to marked decrease in locomotor activity which lasted nearly for 12 h[123]. ...
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
Neuropharmacology of an extract derived from Convulvulus microphyllus
2
2001
... 2.2.1 Toxicological assessment The LD50 of the whole extract of CP was found to be 1 250 (1 000–1 400) mg/kg p.o. Mice treated with the extract showed a sedative effect at doses greater than 200 mg/kg and reflected a moderate to marked decrease in locomotor activity which lasted nearly for 12 h[123]. ...
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
Influence of Clitorea ternatea on memory and central cholinergic activity in rats
1
2000
... 2.3.2 Learning, memory and behavior Effects of CT aqueous root extract on learning and memory in rat pups observed by using open field behaviour test, spontaneous alternation test, rewarded alternation test and passive avoidance test showed that the oral treatment of CT roots extract at different doses significantly enhanced memory in rats[133]. The alcoholic extracts of aerial parts and roots of CT attenuated electroshock-induced amnesia[124]. The authors also studied the possible mechanism through which CT elicits the anti-amnesic effects on central cholinergic activity by evaluating the acetylcholine content of the whole brain and acetylcholinesterase activity at different regions of the rat brain, viz., cerebral cortex, midbrain, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. It was suggested that an increase in ACh content in rat hippocampus may be the neurochemical basis for improved learning and mem-ory[120, 135]. In another study, the effect of CT aqueous root extract on the dendritic cyto-architecture of neurons of the amygdale was studied. The study showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections, branching points and dendritic processes arising from the soma of amygdaloid neurons in aqueous root extract-treated rats compared with age-matched saline controls[137]. ...
Effect of alcoholic extract of Clitorea ternatea Linn on central nervous system in rodents
3
1988
... 2.3.1 Toxicological assessment Gross behavioral and acute toxicity studies after administration of graded doses of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of CT were carried out. LD50 of the extract in mice was 2 290 mg/kg, i.p. An ethanolic extract of aerial parts and root of CT when administered orally to mice, in doses of 1 500 mg/kg and above was found to be lethargic instead of CT root extracts which up to 3 000 mg/kg administered orally failed to produce any lethality in mice[125, 126]. ...
... 2.3.3 Anxiolytic and antistress activity The ethanolic extract of CT caused reduction in spontaneous activity, decrease in exploratory behavioural pattern by the head dip and Y-maze test, reduction in the muscle relaxant activity by rota rod, 30° inclined screen and traction tests, and potentiated the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time[153]. In another study, the effect of alcoholic extract of aerial part of CT on spatial discrimination in rats followed by oral treatment with alcoholic extract at a dose of 460 mg/kg significantly prolonged the time taken to traverse the maze, which was equivalent to that produced by chlorpromazine. The lower dose 230 mg/kg was ineffective[125]. ...
... 2.3.4 Anticonvulsant activity Methanolic extract from the aerial parts of CT was screened byusing pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and maximum electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in mice at the dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. CT significantly delayed the onset of convulsions in PTZ-induced convulsions and also delayed the duration of tonic hind limb extension in MES-induced convulsions[154]. At the dose of 230 and 460 mg/kg, no significant effects were observed in both tests[125]. ...
Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Clitorea ternatea L. extract in rats
1
2004
... 2.3.1 Toxicological assessment Gross behavioral and acute toxicity studies after administration of graded doses of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of CT were carried out. LD50 of the extract in mice was 2 290 mg/kg, i.p. An ethanolic extract of aerial parts and root of CT when administered orally to mice, in doses of 1 500 mg/kg and above was found to be lethargic instead of CT root extracts which up to 3 000 mg/kg administered orally failed to produce any lethality in mice[125, 126]. ...
Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Clitorea ternatea L. extract in rats
1
2004
... 2.3.1 Toxicological assessment Gross behavioral and acute toxicity studies after administration of graded doses of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of CT were carried out. LD50 of the extract in mice was 2 290 mg/kg, i.p. An ethanolic extract of aerial parts and root of CT when administered orally to mice, in doses of 1 500 mg/kg and above was found to be lethargic instead of CT root extracts which up to 3 000 mg/kg administered orally failed to produce any lethality in mice[125, 126]. ...
... 2.4.1 Anticonvulsant activity The results of administration of crude fine powder and alcoholic extract of CD against MES, MST and hypnosis potentiation tests were found to be encouraging. The drugs were also tested for toxicity studies prior to clinical trial[157]. In another set of experiments crude dried powder and its alcoholic extract with reference to phenytoin sodium (serve as positive control) were found to provide cent percent protection against supramaximal electroshock[156]. Mangiferin and total xanthones did not elicit any anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion in a dose up to 100 mg/kg[127]. ...
... 2.4.1 Anticonvulsant activity The results of administration of crude fine powder and alcoholic extract of CD against MES, MST and hypnosis potentiation tests were found to be encouraging. The drugs were also tested for toxicity studies prior to clinical trial[157]. In another set of experiments crude dried powder and its alcoholic extract with reference to phenytoin sodium (serve as positive control) were found to provide cent percent protection against supramaximal electroshock[156]. Mangiferin and total xanthones did not elicit any anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion in a dose up to 100 mg/kg[127]. ...
Modern drug development from traditional medicinal plants using radio legend receptor-binding assays
0
1998
Herbal treatments for ESC induced memory deficits: a review of research and a discussion on animal models
0
2000
Herbal treatments for ESC induced memory deficits: a review of research and a discussion on animal models
0
2000
Adaptogenic and anti-amnesiac properties of Evolvulus alsinoides in rodents
1
2005
... 2.1.3 Adaptogenic, anxiolytic and anti-amnesic activity Ethanol extract of the aerial parts of the drug was evaluated for CNS activity by using elevated plus maze test, open field exploratory behavior and rota rod performance experiments. The ethanol extract as well as its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions was tested in experimental models employing rats and mice. The extracts were also studied for their in vitro antioxidant potential to correlate their anxiolytic activity[216]. The improvement in the peripheral stress markers and scopolamine-induced dementia by EA in the chronic unpredictable stress and acute stress models indicated the adpatogenic and anti-amnesic properties of EA, against a well known adaptogen i.e. Panax quinquefolium[130]. Phenolics and flavonoids, isolated form bioactivity-guided purification of n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of EA, were screened for antistress activity in acute stress models. Stress exposure resulted in significant increase of plasma glucose, adrenal gland weight, plasma creatine kinase, and corticosterone levels. One constituent displayed most promising antistress effect by normalizing hyperglycemia, plasma corticosterone, creatine kinase and adrenal hypertrophy, while others were also effective in normalizing most of these stress parameters[77]. Effects of methanolic extracts of roots of EA (MEEA) on acute reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia showed increased vacuous chewing frequencies (VCMs) and TPs in acute reserpine-treated animals compared with vehicle-treated animals. Chronic treatment significantly reversed the reserpine-induced VCMs and TPs in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the locomotor activity as well as the transfer latency in acute reserpine-treated rats[217]. ...
Effect of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. on learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents
1
2009
... 2.1.2 Learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents The ethanolic extract has been shown to improve learning and memory and it significantly reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine. EA also exhibited potent memory-enhancing effects in the step-down and shuttle-box avoidance paradigms. Nootropic activity was assessed with passive and active avoidance paradigms using Cook and Weidley’s pole climbing apparatus and elevated plus maze as models[131]. ...
The possible potentiation of cognitive processing on administration of Convulvulus microphyllus in rats
0
1989
Clitorea ternatea enhances learning and memory an experimental study on rats. International Congress on Frontiers in Pharmacology and Therapeutics in 21st Century. New Delhi, India
1
2000
... 2.3.2 Learning, memory and behavior Effects of CT aqueous root extract on learning and memory in rat pups observed by using open field behaviour test, spontaneous alternation test, rewarded alternation test and passive avoidance test showed that the oral treatment of CT roots extract at different doses significantly enhanced memory in rats[133]. The alcoholic extracts of aerial parts and roots of CT attenuated electroshock-induced amnesia[124]. The authors also studied the possible mechanism through which CT elicits the anti-amnesic effects on central cholinergic activity by evaluating the acetylcholine content of the whole brain and acetylcholinesterase activity at different regions of the rat brain, viz., cerebral cortex, midbrain, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. It was suggested that an increase in ACh content in rat hippocampus may be the neurochemical basis for improved learning and mem-ory[120, 135]. In another study, the effect of CT aqueous root extract on the dendritic cyto-architecture of neurons of the amygdale was studied. The study showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections, branching points and dendritic processes arising from the soma of amygdaloid neurons in aqueous root extract-treated rats compared with age-matched saline controls[137]. ...
Clitorea ternatea(Linn) root extract treatment in rats during growth spurt period affects dendritic morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons. Calcutta(Third Congress)
0
2000
Clitorea ternatea(Linn) root extract treatment in rats during growth spurt period affects dendritic morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons(Calcutta: Third Congress)
1
2000
... 2.3.2 Learning, memory and behavior Effects of CT aqueous root extract on learning and memory in rat pups observed by using open field behaviour test, spontaneous alternation test, rewarded alternation test and passive avoidance test showed that the oral treatment of CT roots extract at different doses significantly enhanced memory in rats[133]. The alcoholic extracts of aerial parts and roots of CT attenuated electroshock-induced amnesia[124]. The authors also studied the possible mechanism through which CT elicits the anti-amnesic effects on central cholinergic activity by evaluating the acetylcholine content of the whole brain and acetylcholinesterase activity at different regions of the rat brain, viz., cerebral cortex, midbrain, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. It was suggested that an increase in ACh content in rat hippocampus may be the neurochemical basis for improved learning and mem-ory[120, 135]. In another study, the effect of CT aqueous root extract on the dendritic cyto-architecture of neurons of the amygdale was studied. The study showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections, branching points and dendritic processes arising from the soma of amygdaloid neurons in aqueous root extract-treated rats compared with age-matched saline controls[137]. ...
Clitorea ternatea Linn. root extract treatment during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory in rats
0
2001
Altered dendritic arborization of amygdala neurons in young adult rats orally incubated with Clitorea ternatea aqueous root extract
1
2005
... 2.3.2 Learning, memory and behavior Effects of CT aqueous root extract on learning and memory in rat pups observed by using open field behaviour test, spontaneous alternation test, rewarded alternation test and passive avoidance test showed that the oral treatment of CT roots extract at different doses significantly enhanced memory in rats[133]. The alcoholic extracts of aerial parts and roots of CT attenuated electroshock-induced amnesia[124]. The authors also studied the possible mechanism through which CT elicits the anti-amnesic effects on central cholinergic activity by evaluating the acetylcholine content of the whole brain and acetylcholinesterase activity at different regions of the rat brain, viz., cerebral cortex, midbrain, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. It was suggested that an increase in ACh content in rat hippocampus may be the neurochemical basis for improved learning and mem-ory[120, 135]. In another study, the effect of CT aqueous root extract on the dendritic cyto-architecture of neurons of the amygdale was studied. The study showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections, branching points and dendritic processes arising from the soma of amygdaloid neurons in aqueous root extract-treated rats compared with age-matched saline controls[137]. ...
Plants beneficial to the aging brain
0
2006
Herbal ethnomedicine of the Gwalior forest division in Madhya Pradesh
0
2000
Herbal ethnomedicine of the Gwalior forest division in Madhya Pradesh
0
2000
Cytoprotective effects of Shankhpushpi an E. alsenoids preparation on hippocampal cells in mice
0
2000
Cytoprotective effects of Shankhpushpi an E. alsenoids preparation on hippocampal cells in mice
0
2000
Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegerative diseases
1
2003
... 2.1.5 Antioxidant activity Antioxidant substances were isolated and identified from EA by preparing fractions of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Results of antioxidant activities of EA from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were not as high as expected. The need of more antioxidant tests with different action mechanisms and also in-vivo studies with EA were suggested[159]. Ethanolic extracts and water infusions of EA, Cynodon dactylon and Sida cordifolia were tested for their antioxidant activity in the 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS) decolonization assay. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia was found to be most potent, followed by EA and Cynodon dactylon. The relative antioxidant capacity for the water infusions was observed in the following order: EA>C. dactylon >S. cordifolia. The results of water infusions on lipid peroxidation were as follows: EA>S. cordifolia>C. dactylon[141]. ...
Plant metabolites as nootropics and cognitives
0
2006
0
Therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herb in mental disorders
1
1986
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
Potential medicinal plants for CNS disorders: an overview
0
2006
Studies on medicinal properties of Convulvulus pluricaulis and Boerhaavia diffusa
1
1975
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
Preliminary pharmacological studies on Convulvulus pluricaulis Chois: an Indian indigenous herb
1
1965
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
The pharmacological basis of herbal drugs acting on CNS
1
1990
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
The pharmacological basis of herbal drugs acting on CNS
1
1990
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
Rasayana drugs, part II
1
1994
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
Some pharmacological actions of Convulvulus pluricaulis Chois: an Indian indigenous herb. II
5
1965
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
... ,150]. ...
... 2.2.4 Anticonvulsant activity The water soluble portion of ethanolic extract abolished spontaneous motor activity and the fighting response, but did not affect the escape response; electrically induced convulsive seizures and tremorine-induced tremors were antagonized by the extract[150]. It was observed that the animals treated with the methanolic extracts of stem callus, leaf callus and whole plant of CP, showed significant protection against tonic convulsion induced by transcorneal electroshock, which was also comparable with that of standrad drug phenytoin[228]. ...
... 2.2.8 Analgesic activity The extract caused a reduction in the fighting behavior in mice but was devoid of analgesic activity although it potentiated morphine analgesia[150]. ...
... 2.2.10 Cardiovascular activity Total water soluble fraction of the plant caused a marked and prolonged hypotension in dogs and inhibited the frog myocardium[188, 189]. Ethanolic extract of the entire plant exerted a negative ionotropic action on amphibian and mammalian myocardium. It also exerted spasmolytic activity on smooth muscles[150]. ...
Evaluation of the antidepressant-like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests
1
2007
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
Screening for antidepressant-like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in mice
1
2007
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
Studies on neuropharmacological effects of Clitorea ternatea Linn. root extract in rats and mice
1
2003
... 2.3.3 Anxiolytic and antistress activity The ethanolic extract of CT caused reduction in spontaneous activity, decrease in exploratory behavioural pattern by the head dip and Y-maze test, reduction in the muscle relaxant activity by rota rod, 30° inclined screen and traction tests, and potentiated the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time[153]. In another study, the effect of alcoholic extract of aerial part of CT on spatial discrimination in rats followed by oral treatment with alcoholic extract at a dose of 460 mg/kg significantly prolonged the time taken to traverse the maze, which was equivalent to that produced by chlorpromazine. The lower dose 230 mg/kg was ineffective[125]. ...
Clitorea ternatea and the CNS
1
2003
... 2.3.4 Anticonvulsant activity Methanolic extract from the aerial parts of CT was screened byusing pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and maximum electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in mice at the dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. CT significantly delayed the onset of convulsions in PTZ-induced convulsions and also delayed the duration of tonic hind limb extension in MES-induced convulsions[154]. At the dose of 230 and 460 mg/kg, no significant effects were observed in both tests[125]. ...
Clitorea ternatea and the CNS
1
2003
... 2.3.4 Anticonvulsant activity Methanolic extract from the aerial parts of CT was screened byusing pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and maximum electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in mice at the dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. CT significantly delayed the onset of convulsions in PTZ-induced convulsions and also delayed the duration of tonic hind limb extension in MES-induced convulsions[154]. At the dose of 230 and 460 mg/kg, no significant effects were observed in both tests[125]. ...
Anti-anxiety agents of plant origin
0
1981
Anticonvulsant activity of Canscora decussata Roem. & Sch
1
1972
... 2.4.1 Anticonvulsant activity The results of administration of crude fine powder and alcoholic extract of CD against MES, MST and hypnosis potentiation tests were found to be encouraging. The drugs were also tested for toxicity studies prior to clinical trial[157]. In another set of experiments crude dried powder and its alcoholic extract with reference to phenytoin sodium (serve as positive control) were found to provide cent percent protection against supramaximal electroshock[156]. Mangiferin and total xanthones did not elicit any anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion in a dose up to 100 mg/kg[127]. ...
Effect of certain indigenous drugs in convulsion in children
1
1971
... 2.4.1 Anticonvulsant activity The results of administration of crude fine powder and alcoholic extract of CD against MES, MST and hypnosis potentiation tests were found to be encouraging. The drugs were also tested for toxicity studies prior to clinical trial[157]. In another set of experiments crude dried powder and its alcoholic extract with reference to phenytoin sodium (serve as positive control) were found to provide cent percent protection against supramaximal electroshock[156]. Mangiferin and total xanthones did not elicit any anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion in a dose up to 100 mg/kg[127]. ...
Monoamine oxidase-inhibiting activity of mangiferin isolated from Canscora decussata
0
1972
Evaluation of natural substances from Evolvulus alsinoides L. with the purpose of determining their antioxidant potency
1
2008
... 2.1.5 Antioxidant activity Antioxidant substances were isolated and identified from EA by preparing fractions of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Results of antioxidant activities of EA from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were not as high as expected. The need of more antioxidant tests with different action mechanisms and also in-vivo studies with EA were suggested[159]. Ethanolic extracts and water infusions of EA, Cynodon dactylon and Sida cordifolia were tested for their antioxidant activity in the 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS) decolonization assay. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia was found to be most potent, followed by EA and Cynodon dactylon. The relative antioxidant capacity for the water infusions was observed in the following order: EA>C. dactylon >S. cordifolia. The results of water infusions on lipid peroxidation were as follows: EA>S. cordifolia>C. dactylon[141]. ...
Evaluation of natural substances from Evolvulus alsinoides L. with the purpose of determining their antioxidant potency
1
2008
... 2.1.5 Antioxidant activity Antioxidant substances were isolated and identified from EA by preparing fractions of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Results of antioxidant activities of EA from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were not as high as expected. The need of more antioxidant tests with different action mechanisms and also in-vivo studies with EA were suggested[159]. Ethanolic extracts and water infusions of EA, Cynodon dactylon and Sida cordifolia were tested for their antioxidant activity in the 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS) decolonization assay. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia was found to be most potent, followed by EA and Cynodon dactylon. The relative antioxidant capacity for the water infusions was observed in the following order: EA>C. dactylon >S. cordifolia. The results of water infusions on lipid peroxidation were as follows: EA>S. cordifolia>C. dactylon[141]. ...
Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds
0
1977
Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds
0
1977
Hypolipidaemic effect of Convulvulus microphyllus in cholesterol fed gerbils
1
1995
... 2.2.6 Hypolipidemic activity Ethanolic extract of whole plant when administered to cholesterol fed gerbils, reduced serum cholesterol, low den-sity lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids significantly after 90 days[161]. ...
Hypolipidaemic effect of Convulvulus microphyllus in cholesterol fed gerbils
1
1995
... 2.2.6 Hypolipidemic activity Ethanolic extract of whole plant when administered to cholesterol fed gerbils, reduced serum cholesterol, low den-sity lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids significantly after 90 days[161]. ...
Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin
1
2003
... 2.1.6 Immunomodulatory activity The crude extracts of Emblica officinalis and EA were evaluated for immmunomodulator activity in adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model. Both the drugs showed a marked reduction in inflammation and edema. At cellular level immunosuppression occurred during the early phase of the disease. The induction of nitric oxide synthase was significantly decreased in treated animals as compared with controls[162]. ...
Inhibition of T3 production in levothyroxine-treated female mice by the root extract of Convulvulus pluricaulis
1
2001
... 2.2.7 Effect on thyroid gland The root extract of CP [0.4 mg/(kg·d) for 30 days]administered to L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroid mice decreased serum concentration of T3 and hepatic 5-D activity. These results indicate that the plant extract-induced inhibition in thyroid function is primarily mediated through T4 to T3 conversion[163]. Potential effect was shown by CP for the management of thyrotoxicosis[229]. ...
Immunomodulatory activity of Eugenia jambolana, Clitorea ternatea and Phyllanthus emblica on alloxon induced diabetic rats
0
2004
Immunomodulatory activity of Eugenia jambolana, Clitorea ternatea and Phyllanthus emblica on alloxon induced diabetic rats
0
2004
Canscora decussata promotes adhesion of neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cells
1
2002
... 2.4.3 Immunomodulatory activity Aqueous extract of CD was found to promote the adhesion of neutrophils by inducing the expression of cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells[165]. ...
Isolation of anthocyanins(Ternatin A1, A2, B1, B2, D1, and D2) from Clitorea ternatea(double blue) having blood platelet aggregation-inhibiting and vascular smooth muscle relaxing activities
0
1991
Anti-inflammatory activity of some Indian medicinalplants
0
1989
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of Clitorea ternatea root
1
2003
... 2.3.7 Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyre-tic activity Methanolic extract of CT roots was reported to have significant anti-inflammatory activity in the experiment using carrageenin-induced rat paw edema and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability models in rats[168]. ...
Effect of mangostin, 3, 6-di-O-glucoside and mangiferin in CCl4 liver injury in rats
2
1979
... 2.4.4 Anti-inflammatory activity Significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed in rats by carrageenin hind paw oedema, cotton pellet gra-nuloma, and granuloma pouch techniques[169, 170]. ...
... 2.4.5 Hepatoprotective activity Magostin-3, 6-di-O-glucoside and mangiferin, a C-glucoside from CD roots provides a definite protection against experimentally induced carbon tetrachloride liver injury in albino rats[169]. ...
Canscora decussata(Roxb.) Schult(Gentianaceae) inhibits LPS-induced expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells and carageenan-induced paw-edema in rats
1
2003
... 2.4.4 Anti-inflammatory activity Significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed in rats by carrageenin hind paw oedema, cotton pellet gra-nuloma, and granuloma pouch techniques[169, 170]. ...
Pharmacognosy of antidysenteric drugs of Indian medicine
0
1988
Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity of alcoholic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides(Convolvulaceae)
1
1996
... 2.1.4 Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity The in vivo evaluation of the ethanolic extract of EA revealed its marked antiulcer and anticatatonic activity[172]. ...
Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides(Convolvulaceae)
0
1995
Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of medicinal plants from the Ivory Coast
0
2002
Evaluation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.for anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities
0
2002
Antibacterial activity of Evolvulus alsinoides
0
2003
Antibacterial activity of Evolvulus alsinoides
0
2003
Anti-fungal effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis(Shankapushpi)
0
1974
Insect antifeedant constituent from Convulvulus microphyllus(L.) Sieb
0
1996
Insect antifeedant constituent from Convulvulus microphyllus(L.) Sieb
0
1996
Isolation and characterization of plant defensins from seeds of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Hippocastanaceae and Saxifragaceae
0
1995
Treatment of diabetes through herbal drugs in rural India
0
1990
Some observations on the effect of Clitorea ternatea Linn. on changes in serum sugar level and small intestinal mucosal carbohydrase activities in alloxan diabetes
1
1990
... 2.3.5 Antidiabetic activity Ethanolic extracts of flowers significantly lowered serum sugar level in experimentally induced diabetes[181]. ...
Effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis Chois on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats
1
2001
... 2.2.9 Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity The antiulcerogenic effect of CP was found to be due to augmentation of mucosal defensive factors like mucin secretion, lifespan of mucosal cells and glycoprotein rather than the offensive factors like acid-pepsin[182]. ...
Diuretic activity of roots of Clitorea ternatea L. in dogs
0
1962
Spermicidal activity of Canscora decussata an Indian indigenous drug
1
1960
... 2.4.6 Spermicidal activity Aqueous extract of this herb in a dose of 25 mg/100 mg body weight arrested spermatogenesis in albino rats[184, 185]. ...
Crude powder of Canscora decussata Roem et Sch: as spermicidal agent in albino rats
1
1990
... 2.4.6 Spermicidal activity Aqueous extract of this herb in a dose of 25 mg/100 mg body weight arrested spermatogenesis in albino rats[184, 185]. ...
Gastroprotective activity of Evolvulus alsinoides L. powder
0
2005
Plants with hepatoprotective activity: a review
0
1998
Plants with hepatoprotective activity: a review
0
1998
Investigation on Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy
1
1958
... 2.2.10 Cardiovascular activity Total water soluble fraction of the plant caused a marked and prolonged hypotension in dogs and inhibited the frog myocardium[188, 189]. Ethanolic extract of the entire plant exerted a negative ionotropic action on amphibian and mammalian myocardium. It also exerted spasmolytic activity on smooth muscles[150]. ...
Hypotensive effect of certain indigenous drugs with special reference to Shankhapuspi(C. pluricaulis) in anaesthetised dogs
1
1966
... 2.2.10 Cardiovascular activity Total water soluble fraction of the plant caused a marked and prolonged hypotension in dogs and inhibited the frog myocardium[188, 189]. Ethanolic extract of the entire plant exerted a negative ionotropic action on amphibian and mammalian myocardium. It also exerted spasmolytic activity on smooth muscles[150]. ...
Chemical constituents of gentianaceae ⅩⅩⅣ: anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of naturally occurring xanthones and synthetic analogs
1
1978
... 2.4.2 Antitubercular activity Chloroform soluble fraction of ethanolic extract of CD gave a mixture of about dozens of polyoxygenated xanthones, which were used for the assessment of the antimycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 RV using Youmanin medium by tube dilution methods on these xanthones[191]. A potent antimycobacterium tuberculosis component of CD was reported to possess xanthone nucleus, which should contain oxygen functions at 1-, 3- and 5-, 6- or 8-position[190]. ...
Chemical constituents of gentianaceae ⅩⅣ: antitubercular activity of xanthones of Canscora decussata Schult
1
1975
... 2.4.2 Antitubercular activity Chloroform soluble fraction of ethanolic extract of CD gave a mixture of about dozens of polyoxygenated xanthones, which were used for the assessment of the antimycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 RV using Youmanin medium by tube dilution methods on these xanthones[191]. A potent antimycobacterium tuberculosis component of CD was reported to possess xanthone nucleus, which should contain oxygen functions at 1-, 3- and 5-, 6- or 8-position[190]. ...
Chemical constituents of gentianaceae ⅩⅣ: antitubercular activity of xanthones of Canscora decussata Schult
1
1975
... 2.4.2 Antitubercular activity Chloroform soluble fraction of ethanolic extract of CD gave a mixture of about dozens of polyoxygenated xanthones, which were used for the assessment of the antimycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 RV using Youmanin medium by tube dilution methods on these xanthones[191]. A potent antimycobacterium tuberculosis component of CD was reported to possess xanthone nucleus, which should contain oxygen functions at 1-, 3- and 5-, 6- or 8-position[190]. ...
National seminar on the use of traditional medicinal plants in skin care
0
1994
Ethno-medico-botanical studies in Western Maharashtra, India
0
1994
Analysis of a clinically important interaction between phenytoin and Shankhapushpi, an Ayurvedic preparation
1
1992
... 2.2.11 Drug interactions There was unexpected loss of seizure control and reduction in plasma phenytoin levels in two patients who were also taking Shankhapushpi, an Ayurvedic preparation containing CP as an ingredient. In an attempt to know the cause, it was found that single dose SRC and phenytoin (oral/i.p.) co-administration did not have any effect on plasma phenytoin level but decreased the antiepileptic activity of phenytoin significantly, but in multiple-dose co-administration, Shankhapushpi not only reduced the antiepileptic activity of phenytoin but also lowered plasma phenytoin levels[194]. ...
A clinical trial of Mentat in patients with various types of epilepsy
1
1994
... A clinical trial was undertaken on 31 adult subjects, 6 of which were newly diagnosed cases, while the remaining 25 were old ones taking some anti-epileptic drugs. Mentat, 2 tablets bid, along with the other drugs for a period of six weeks brought about significant reduction in seizure frequency. Thus Mentat served as a valuable adjuvant to commonly used antiepileptic drugs. No side effects were observed with Mentat administration[195 ]. ...
A clinical trial of Mentat in children with behavioral problem
0
1991
BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal preparation improves learning and memory performance in mice
0
1993
Reversal of diazepam withdrawal induced hyperactivity in mice by BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal preparation
0
1994
Effects of “Mentat” on memory anxiety scores of normal subjects in three age groups
0
1990
Prevention of development of tolerance and dependence to opiate in mice by BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal psychotropic preparation
1
1992
... Pre-clinical research has established that BR-16A (Mentat) enhances cognition and protects against both anterograde and retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats[219,220,221,222]. This relationship holds even when rats are preselected for poor learning in an effort to define the floor effect of the formula[223]. Studies on the mechanism of action of BR-16A (Mentat) have indicated that it may have opioid peptidergic activity[200]. BR-16A (Mentat) does not appear to influence α-2 adrenergic receptor functioning but enhances the activity of dopamine postsynaptic receptors in vivo in laboratory rats[224]. ...
Protective effect of BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal preparation on alcohol abstinence-induced anxiety
0
1993
Effect of a herbal psychotropic preparation, BR-16A(Mentat), on performance of mice on elevated plus maze
0
1991
Pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in animals: protective effect of BR-16A
0
1995
Behavioural studies on BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal psychotropic formulation
0
1994
Evidence for nootropic effect of BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal psychotropic preparation in mice
0
1992
A placebo-controlled trial on the efficacy of mentat in managing depressive disorders
0
1993
Nootropic effect of BR-16A(Mentat), a psychotropic herbal formulation, on cognitive deficits induced by prenatal undernutrition, postnatal environmental impoverishment and hypoxia in rats
1
1994
... 2.1.8 Activity related to formulas of EA BR-16A (Mentat) is a herbal formula consisting of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), Mandukparni (Centella asiatica), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi), Shankhpushpi (EA), Tagar (Valeriana wallichi), Vach (Acorus calamus), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Malkangni (Celastrus paniculatus), Kuth (Saussurea lappa), Amla (Embelica officinalis) and the other ingredients of Triphala (Terminalia chebula and Terminalia belerica). The results indicated that Mentat (100 mg/kg) and piracetam (100 mg/kg) induced statistically significant nootropic effect in all the test parameters of learning and memory, and can be categorized as a nootropic agent[207]. ...
Effect of a composite Indian herbal preparation, CIHP(Ⅲ) on avoidance learning during endurance performance of rats
1
1995
... A nine-week cross over study (5-week drug administration and 4-week withdrawal) was performed to see the effect of a composite Indian herbal preparation (CIHP-Ⅲ-consisting of EA), viz. Mentat, on avoidance learning during endurance performance of albino rats. Runimex, a circular runaway was used for this purpose. Results indicated significant improvement in avoidance learning during endurance performance due to the intake of CIHP (Ⅲ)[208]. ...
Pharmacokinetic interactions of Mentat with carbamazepine and phenytoin
0
2000
Studies on the psychotropic effect of the Medhya Rasayana drug
0
1977
A comparative study on the barbiturate hypnosis potentiation effect of medhya rasayana drugs Shankhapushpi(Convulvulus pluricaulis
0
1980
Role of thyrocap in the treatment of simple diffuse goitre: a case report
1
1992
... Thyrocap is a herbal preparation containing solid extracts of Bauhinia variegate, Commiphora mukul, Glycyrrhiza glabra and CP (100 mg of each extract/capsule). This preparation was tried in 50 patients of simple diffuse goiter at a dose of one capsule three times a day for 3 months. A significant increase in serum T4 and T3 concentrations and a decrease in serum cholesterol concentration confirmed its thyroid stimulating pro-perty[212]. ...
Evaluation of Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows
1
2006
... 2.3.8 Activity of formulation Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna was found to be active as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows[213, 233]. ...
Evaluation of Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows
1
2006
... 2.3.8 Activity of formulation Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna was found to be active as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows[213, 233]. ...
Evaluation of clinical efficacy of Menotab in alleviating symptoms of menopausal syndrome: phase Ⅲ open clinical trial
1
2000
... 2.4.7 Effect of its formula on postmenopausal One of the leading pharmaceutical house in India has formulated a safe and effective herbomineral preparation viz., Menotab to relieve the distressing symptoms of postmenopausal syndrome. Menotab comprises of Withania somnifera, Elletaria cardamomum, Bombax malbaricum, Centella asiatica, Embelia ribes, Canscora decussata, Asparagus racemosus, Oyster shell extract, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Adhatoda vasica, Tinospora cordifolia and Boerhaavia diffusa[214]. ...
Review of ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacology of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn
0
2008
Anxiolytic activity of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convulvulus pluricaulis in rodents
3
2009
... 2.1.3 Adaptogenic, anxiolytic and anti-amnesic activity Ethanol extract of the aerial parts of the drug was evaluated for CNS activity by using elevated plus maze test, open field exploratory behavior and rota rod performance experiments. The ethanol extract as well as its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions was tested in experimental models employing rats and mice. The extracts were also studied for their in vitro antioxidant potential to correlate their anxiolytic activity[216]. The improvement in the peripheral stress markers and scopolamine-induced dementia by EA in the chronic unpredictable stress and acute stress models indicated the adpatogenic and anti-amnesic properties of EA, against a well known adaptogen i.e. Panax quinquefolium[130]. Phenolics and flavonoids, isolated form bioactivity-guided purification of n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of EA, were screened for antistress activity in acute stress models. Stress exposure resulted in significant increase of plasma glucose, adrenal gland weight, plasma creatine kinase, and corticosterone levels. One constituent displayed most promising antistress effect by normalizing hyperglycemia, plasma corticosterone, creatine kinase and adrenal hypertrophy, while others were also effective in normalizing most of these stress parameters[77]. Effects of methanolic extracts of roots of EA (MEEA) on acute reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia showed increased vacuous chewing frequencies (VCMs) and TPs in acute reserpine-treated animals compared with vehicle-treated animals. Chronic treatment significantly reversed the reserpine-induced VCMs and TPs in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the locomotor activity as well as the transfer latency in acute reserpine-treated rats[217]. ...
... 2.2.3 Anxiolytic and antiamensic activity Alcoholic extract of CP was found to cause an antagonist effect against amphetamines and tremorine, a potentiator of acetylcholine effect, of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis and morphine analgesia, without having own sedative properties. A protective action on muscle against electroshocks has been shown[146, 147, 150]. The chloroform fraction of the total ethanolic extract of CP elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems[151, 152]. Methanolic extract of the whole plant produced alterations in the general behaviour pattern, reduction in spontaneous motor activity, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone-sleeping time, reduction in exploratory behavioural pattern, and suppression of aggressive behaviour[123]. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract showed an anxioly-tic effect in the elevated plus maze. The ethyl acetate fraction at dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity[216]. Nitrogen containing active principle of drug produced marked reduction in Ⅰ-131 uptake, PBI, acetylcholine, suggesting its effect on various glands through neurohumors particularly acetylcholine[61]. Upadhyay[144] studied the therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs in mental disorders and classified CP as a brain tonic. CP in a dose of 100 mg/100 g body weight exhibited a barbiturate potentiation effect in albino rats; this effect was weaker than that of diazepam, but stronger than that of Centella asiatica Linn. (Syn: Hydrocotyle asiatca Linn.)[148,149,150]. ...
... 2.2.5 Antioxidant activity Ethanolic extract of CP possesses significant antioxidant activity when tested in vitro[216]. ...
Studies on Evolvulus alsinoides Linn
1
1959
... 2.1.3 Adaptogenic, anxiolytic and anti-amnesic activity Ethanol extract of the aerial parts of the drug was evaluated for CNS activity by using elevated plus maze test, open field exploratory behavior and rota rod performance experiments. The ethanol extract as well as its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions was tested in experimental models employing rats and mice. The extracts were also studied for their in vitro antioxidant potential to correlate their anxiolytic activity[216]. The improvement in the peripheral stress markers and scopolamine-induced dementia by EA in the chronic unpredictable stress and acute stress models indicated the adpatogenic and anti-amnesic properties of EA, against a well known adaptogen i.e. Panax quinquefolium[130]. Phenolics and flavonoids, isolated form bioactivity-guided purification of n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of EA, were screened for antistress activity in acute stress models. Stress exposure resulted in significant increase of plasma glucose, adrenal gland weight, plasma creatine kinase, and corticosterone levels. One constituent displayed most promising antistress effect by normalizing hyperglycemia, plasma corticosterone, creatine kinase and adrenal hypertrophy, while others were also effective in normalizing most of these stress parameters[77]. Effects of methanolic extracts of roots of EA (MEEA) on acute reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia showed increased vacuous chewing frequencies (VCMs) and TPs in acute reserpine-treated animals compared with vehicle-treated animals. Chronic treatment significantly reversed the reserpine-induced VCMs and TPs in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the locomotor activity as well as the transfer latency in acute reserpine-treated rats[217]. ...
Health promoting functional foods fortified with herbs. USA: Council of Scientific and
1
2008
... A study provided a novel herbal composition, which promotes the proven pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidant, antistress and adpatogenic activities. Composition comprises of plant juices or together with the conventional recipients to form paste/jelly/jam/cake/cream puff/chocolate forms fortified with plants like Mangifera indica, EA, Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus which are used as functional foods[218]. ...
ECT-induced anterograde amnesia: can the deficits be minimized?
1
1994
... Pre-clinical research has established that BR-16A (Mentat) enhances cognition and protects against both anterograde and retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats[219,220,221,222]. This relationship holds even when rats are preselected for poor learning in an effort to define the floor effect of the formula[223]. Studies on the mechanism of action of BR-16A (Mentat) have indicated that it may have opioid peptidergic activity[200]. BR-16A (Mentat) does not appear to influence α-2 adrenergic receptor functioning but enhances the activity of dopamine postsynaptic receptors in vivo in laboratory rats[224]. ...
BR-16A(Mentat) restricts development of ECS-induced retrograde amnesia
1
1995
... Pre-clinical research has established that BR-16A (Mentat) enhances cognition and protects against both anterograde and retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats[219,220,221,222]. This relationship holds even when rats are preselected for poor learning in an effort to define the floor effect of the formula[223]. Studies on the mechanism of action of BR-16A (Mentat) have indicated that it may have opioid peptidergic activity[200]. BR-16A (Mentat) does not appear to influence α-2 adrenergic receptor functioning but enhances the activity of dopamine postsynaptic receptors in vivo in laboratory rats[224]. ...
BR-16A(Mentat) protects against ECS-induced anterograde amnesia
1
1994
... Pre-clinical research has established that BR-16A (Mentat) enhances cognition and protects against both anterograde and retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats[219,220,221,222]. This relationship holds even when rats are preselected for poor learning in an effort to define the floor effect of the formula[223]. Studies on the mechanism of action of BR-16A (Mentat) have indicated that it may have opioid peptidergic activity[200]. BR-16A (Mentat) does not appear to influence α-2 adrenergic receptor functioning but enhances the activity of dopamine postsynaptic receptors in vivo in laboratory rats[224]. ...
Herbal pharmacotherapy for the attenuation of ECS-induced anterograde and retrograde amnesic deficits
1
1995
... Pre-clinical research has established that BR-16A (Mentat) enhances cognition and protects against both anterograde and retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats[219,220,221,222]. This relationship holds even when rats are preselected for poor learning in an effort to define the floor effect of the formula[223]. Studies on the mechanism of action of BR-16A (Mentat) have indicated that it may have opioid peptidergic activity[200]. BR-16A (Mentat) does not appear to influence α-2 adrenergic receptor functioning but enhances the activity of dopamine postsynaptic receptors in vivo in laboratory rats[224]. ...
BR-16A(Mentat) attenuates anterograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shocks in slow learning rats
1
1995
... Pre-clinical research has established that BR-16A (Mentat) enhances cognition and protects against both anterograde and retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats[219,220,221,222]. This relationship holds even when rats are preselected for poor learning in an effort to define the floor effect of the formula[223]. Studies on the mechanism of action of BR-16A (Mentat) have indicated that it may have opioid peptidergic activity[200]. BR-16A (Mentat) does not appear to influence α-2 adrenergic receptor functioning but enhances the activity of dopamine postsynaptic receptors in vivo in laboratory rats[224]. ...
Effect of BR-16A(Mentat) on α-2 adrenergic, dopamine autoreceptor and dopamine post-synaptic receptor functioning
1
1994
... Pre-clinical research has established that BR-16A (Mentat) enhances cognition and protects against both anterograde and retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats[219,220,221,222]. This relationship holds even when rats are preselected for poor learning in an effort to define the floor effect of the formula[223]. Studies on the mechanism of action of BR-16A (Mentat) have indicated that it may have opioid peptidergic activity[200]. BR-16A (Mentat) does not appear to influence α-2 adrenergic receptor functioning but enhances the activity of dopamine postsynaptic receptors in vivo in laboratory rats[224]. ...
The herbal treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a possible role for BR-16A(Mentat)
1
1996
... BR-16A (Mentat) also enhances dopamine postsynaptic receptor functioning in the labora-tory rats. This suggests a potential application in Parkinson’s disease. A case study describing the clinical use of the formula in Parkinsonism has been reported[225]. ...
The management of post-stroke functional disability by an indigenous formulation Mentat
1
1994
... In other experiments of Mentat, on patients with poststroke disability, out of 24 patients in the study, 13 received Mentat and 11 received a placebo for 12 weeks. Electromyography (EMG) recording following neuromuscular stimulation was done at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks. The final EMG responses in the trial group were found to be better than in the control group during study[226]. ...
Protective effect of BR-16A, a polyherbal preparation against social isolation stress: possible GABAergic mechanism
2
2006
... The antistress effects of BR-16A and its interaction with GABAergic modulators against social isolation-induced stress were investigated on various behavioural parameters, pentobarbitone-induced sleep (sleep latency and duration), analgesia (tail-flick test) and locomotor activity. BR-16A (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) treatment for 5 days significantly reversed the social isolation stress-induced prolongation of onset and decrease in pentobarbitone-induced sleep, increased total motor activity and stress-induced antinociception. When diazepam (0.5 mg/kg), a benzodiazepine agonist, was co-administered with BR-16A (100 mg/kg), it significantly potentiated the reversal of pentobarbitone-induced shortening of sleep time effects, increased locomotor activity and stress-induced antinociceptive effects. However, the sleep latency was not decreased significantly. Further, flumazenil (2 mg/kg), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist and FG 7142 (10 mg/kg), an inverse agonist, when co-administered with BR-16A (100 mg/kg), showed no significant reversal on pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis, locomotor activity and social isolation-induced antinociception compared with their effects perse. The study demonstrated the anti-stress effects of BR-16A preparation against social isolation-induced stress[227]. The study also suggested that the GABAergic system may be involved in its antistress effect[227]. ...
... [227]. ...
Anticonvulsant potenital of callus cultures of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb
1
2007
... 2.2.4 Anticonvulsant activity The water soluble portion of ethanolic extract abolished spontaneous motor activity and the fighting response, but did not affect the escape response; electrically induced convulsive seizures and tremorine-induced tremors were antagonized by the extract[150]. It was observed that the animals treated with the methanolic extracts of stem callus, leaf callus and whole plant of CP, showed significant protection against tonic convulsion induced by transcorneal electroshock, which was also comparable with that of standrad drug phenytoin[228]. ...
Probable mode of action of Shankhpushpi in the management of thyrotoxicosis
1
1981
... 2.2.7 Effect on thyroid gland The root extract of CP [0.4 mg/(kg·d) for 30 days]administered to L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroid mice decreased serum concentration of T3 and hepatic 5-D activity. These results indicate that the plant extract-induced inhibition in thyroid function is primarily mediated through T4 to T3 conversion[163]. Potential effect was shown by CP for the management of thyrotoxicosis[229]. ...
Clinical pharmacokinetics of arecoline in subjects with Alzheimer’s disease
1
1996
... 2.2.12 Activity of convolvine-an alkaloid isolated from CP The specific pharmacological action of convolvine has been found to block M2 and M4 cholinergic muscarinic receptors. It was also found that convolvine potentiates the effects of arecoline, a muscarinic memory enhancer that ameliorates cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease[230, 231]. ...
Neuro- and psychopharmacological investigation of the alkaloids convolvine and atropine
1
1998
... 2.2.12 Activity of convolvine-an alkaloid isolated from CP The specific pharmacological action of convolvine has been found to block M2 and M4 cholinergic muscarinic receptors. It was also found that convolvine potentiates the effects of arecoline, a muscarinic memory enhancer that ameliorates cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease[230, 231]. ...
Neuro- and psychopharmacological investigation of the alkaloids convolvine and atropine
1
1998
... 2.2.12 Activity of convolvine-an alkaloid isolated from CP The specific pharmacological action of convolvine has been found to block M2 and M4 cholinergic muscarinic receptors. It was also found that convolvine potentiates the effects of arecoline, a muscarinic memory enhancer that ameliorates cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease[230, 231]. ...
MAK-4 and -5 supplemented diets inhibit liver carcinogenesis in mice
1
2007
... 2.2.13 Clinical studies of activity of polyherbal formula Maharishi Amrit kalash (MAK) is a herbal formula composed of two herbal mixtures, MAK-4 and MAK-5. These preparations are part of a natural health care system from India, known as Maharishi Ayurveda. A combination of MAK-4 and MAK-5 was found to have cancer inhibiting effects in vitro and in vivo when both used in combination[232]. ...
Nutritional value of Musa paradisiaca and Clitorea ternatea leaves as diluents for chicken rations
1
2003
... 2.3.8 Activity of formulation Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna was found to be active as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows[213, 233]. ...
Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of the Indian medicinal plant "Shankhapushpi" used for enhancing memory function
1
2008
... 2.4.8 Simultaneous pharmacological screening Methanolic extracts of five of these plants, e.g. Clitorea ternatea, Canscora decussata, C. diffusa, Evolvulus alsinoides, E. nummularius were analyzed for their anti-oxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties by using mice brain homogenates as the enzyme source. All the plants (except CT) inhibited acetylcholinesterase in a dose-dependant manner, significantly scavenged DPPH radical and superoxide radical and chelated metal ions. Total anti-oxidant capacity (equivalent to ascorbic acid) of the plant extracts was also good. It was found that CD has the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Anti-oxidant activity in all systems (except metal chelation property) was highest in CD[234]. ...
New Delhi
1
1995
... 2.4.9 Some important facts related to Shankhpushpi Upadhya and Kambhojkar[21] carried out studies on Shankhpushpi from Western Maharashtra, India and identified four major species viz. C. decussata, C. ternatea, E. alsinoides and Tephrosea purpurea as Shankhpushpi out of the nine species he studied. Rajagopalan[235] reported the effect of Ayushman-8 (containing Shankhpushpi, Brahmi and Vacha) on Manasa-mandata (mental retardation). Singh and Vishwanathan[236] suggested that there was a need for the authentication of samples of the crude drug purchased from the local market under the trade name Shankhpushpi before their utilization. They also suggested the need for authentication of C. microphyllus and E. alsinoides. ...
Need for authentication of market samples of crude drug Shankhpushpi Convolvulus microphyllus.
1
2000
... 2.4.9 Some important facts related to Shankhpushpi Upadhya and Kambhojkar[21] carried out studies on Shankhpushpi from Western Maharashtra, India and identified four major species viz. C. decussata, C. ternatea, E. alsinoides and Tephrosea purpurea as Shankhpushpi out of the nine species he studied. Rajagopalan[235] reported the effect of Ayushman-8 (containing Shankhpushpi, Brahmi and Vacha) on Manasa-mandata (mental retardation). Singh and Vishwanathan[236] suggested that there was a need for the authentication of samples of the crude drug purchased from the local market under the trade name Shankhpushpi before their utilization. They also suggested the need for authentication of C. microphyllus and E. alsinoides. ...
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