[an error occurred while processing this directive]

Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine ›› 2012, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (5): 538-545.doi: 10.3736/jcim20120509

• Original Experimental Research • Previous Articles     Next Articles

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the inhibitory effect of Limnophila indica (Linn.) Druce on shigellosis

Sandhya Subhadra(), Gouthami Gade, Vinod Kombath Ravindran, Vidya Sravanthi Emani, Saikumar Parre, David Banji#br#   

  1. Department of Pharmacognosy, Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Cherlapally, Nalgonda 508001, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Cherlapally, Nalgonda 508001, Andhra Pradesh, India
  • Received:2011-11-11 Accepted:2012-01-06 Online:2012-05-20 Published:2018-06-15
  • Contact: Subhadra Sandhya E-mail:sanpharm@gmail.com

RichHTML

1

PDF (PC)

401

Cited

1

Like

Objective: The research aimed to evaluate the anti-Shigella and antacid activities of the methanolic extract of Limnophila indica.

Methods: The whole plant of L. indica was extracted using methanol and then subjected to preliminary chemical screening. The in vitro antibacterial screening on two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria as well as threeShigella species of which two bacteria were antibiotic-resistant were evaluated by disc diffusion method. Castor oil-induced diarrhoea on Wistar albino rats was performed by using loperamide as a standard control. The in vitroantacid activity was tested by artificial stomach model. The neutralization efficiency, capacity, volume and hydrogen ions consumed were also evaluated.

Results: The preliminary chemical screening on methanolic extract of L.indica showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, fats and oils. It was proved to be a potent antibacterial agent against the four bacterial strains. Screening against Shigella species revealed that it was a powerful antibacterial agent towards antibiotic-resistant Shigella species. In the case of in vivo antidiarrheal activity, the plant has shown a dose-dependent activity and the lowest dose at 100 mg/kg gave a much better result than loperamide (P<0.01). The in vitro antacid study showed a mild activity.

Conclusion: As the plant L. indica has been proved to be a competent antibacterial as well as a compelling antidiarrheal agent with mild antacid activity, this plant can be very well suggested to be an eminent substitute for the various synthetic anti-dysentery and antidiarrheal agents available in the market.

Key words: Limnophila, Shigella dysenteriae, antidiarrheals, antacids, dyspepsia, rats

"

Group n Zone of inhibition (mm)
Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus
aureus		 Pseudomonas
aerugenosa		 Escherichia coli
Normal control 3 0.54±1.00 1.20±2.00 1.50±1.53 0.85±0.58
Gentamycin (1 mg/mL) 3 15.67±1.16** 14.67±0.58** 14.67±0.58** 15.00±0.00**
Limnophila indica methonal extract (25 mg/mL) 3 1.67±1.16** 11.67±1.53** 11.67±1.53** 9.33±1.53**
Limnophila indica methonal extract (50 mg/mL) 3 7.33±1.16** 12.00±0.00** 11.67±0.58** 11.67±0.58**
Limnophila indica mehonal extract (75 mg/mL ) 3 10.67±1.16** 13.00±1.00** 12.67±1.16** 14.33±0.58**
Limnophila indica methonal extract (100 mg/mL) 3 12.00±2.00** 15.00±1.00** 14.67±1.16** 20.00±1.00**

"

Group n Zone of inhibition (mm)
Shigella flexneri Shigella dysentery Shigella boydii
Normal control 3 0.68±0.58 1.00±0.58 0.62±1.00
Ceftazidime (1 mg/mL) 3 15.00±0.00** 28.00±1.00** 20.00±0.00**
Limnophila indica methonal extract (25 mg/mL) 3 11.33±0.58** 11.00±0.00** 10.33±0.58**
Limnophila indica methonal extract (50 mg/mL) 3 12.33±0.58** 12.33±0.58** 12.33±0.58**
Limnophila indica mehonal extract (75 mg/mL) 3 14.33±0.58** 14.66±0.58** 14.33±0.58**
Limnophila indica methonal extract (100 mg/mL) 3 18.33±0.58** 18.67±0.58** 19.00±0.00**

"

Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/mL) Grade
≤20 More active
20 to 100 Active
100 to 250 Moderately active
250 to 500 Weakly active
>500 Inactive

"

Microorganism MIC (μg/mL)
Bacillus subtilis 335
Staphylococcus aureus 180
Pseudomonas aerugenosa 190
Escherichia coli 225
Shigella flexneri 230
Shigella dysentery 233
Shigella boydii 235

"

Group n Total number of defecation Number of wet defecation
Control (1 mL/kg saline) 6 11.40±0.24 8.00±0.32
Standard (3 mg/kg loperamide) 6 2.20±0.58△△ 0.60±0.24△△
Limnophila indica methanol extract (100 mg/kg) 6 1.60±0.40△△ 0.20±0.20△△
Limnophila indica methanol extract (200 mg/kg) 6 0.80±0.37△△ 0

Figure 1

Neutralization effect of methanol extract of Linmophila indica on artificial gastric juice C: Control group; S1: 100 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate group; S2: 200 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate group; E1: 100 mg/kg Limnophila indica methanol extract group; E2: 200 mg/kg Limnophila indica methanol extract group. Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation; n=6; ▲▲P<0.01, vs control group."

Figure 2

Duration of neutralizing effect tested by modified Vatier‘s artificial stomach model C: Control group; S1: 100 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate group; S2: 200 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate group; E1: 100 mg/kg Limnophila indica methanol extract group; E2: 200 mg/kg Limnophila indica methanol extract group. Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation; n=6; ▲▲P<0.01, vs control group."

Figure 3

Volume of artificial gastric juice consumed by methanol extract of Limnophila indica (Fordtran’s in vitro titration model) C: Control group; S1: 100 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate group; S2: 200 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate group; E1: 100 mg/kg Limnophila indica methanol extract group; E2: 200 mg/kg Limnophila indica methanol extract group. Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation; n=6; ▲▲P<0.01, vs control group; □□P<0.01, vs S1 group."

Figure 4

Amount of hydrogen ions consumed by methanol extract of Limnophila indica C: Control group; S1: 100 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate group; S2: 200 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate group; E1: 100 mg/kg Limnophila indica methanol extract group; E2: 200 mg/kg Limnophila indica methanol extract group. Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation; n=6; ▲▲P<0.01, vs control group."

[1] USAID. The Control of Epidemic Dysentery in Africa: Overview, recommendations and checklists[M]. Africa: Annotated Bibliography of HHRAA-Funded Publications, 1997: 2
[2] Bopp CA, Ries AA, Wells JG . Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of epidemic dysentery and cholera[M]. Atlanta: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (WHO/CDS/CSREDC), 1999: 61
[3] Koné WM, Atindehou KK, Terreaux C, Hostettmann K, Traoré D, Dosso M . Traditional medicine in north Cõte-d’Ivoire: screening of 50 medicinal plants for antibacterial activity[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2004,93(1):43-49
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.006
[4] Reddy NP, Reddy BA, Gunasekar D, Blond A, Bodo B, Murthy MM . Flavonoids from Limnophila indica. Phytochemistry. 2007; 68(5):636-639.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.12.018
[5] Chetty MK, Sivaji K, Rao TK . Flowering plants of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India[M]. Tirupati: Students Offset Printers, 2008: 236
[6] Khandelwal KR . Practical pharmacognosy.19th ed[M]. Pune: Nirali Prakashan, 2009: 146-165
[7] Gokhale SB, Kokate CK . Practical pharmacognosy.4th ed[M]. New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan, 1994: 10-27
[8] Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M . Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method[J]. Tech Bull Regist Med Technol, 1966,36(3):49-52
pmid: 5908210
[9] Panghal M, Kaushal V, Yadav JP . In vitro antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants against clinical isolates of oral cancer cases. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2011; 10:21.
doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-10-21
[10] Shafi MS . Determination of antimicrobial MIC by paper diffusion method[J]. J Clin Pathol, 1975,28(12):989-992
doi: 10.1136/jcp.28.12.989 pmid: 812889
[11] Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development. Revised draft guidelines 425, OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals. (2001-12-17)[2011-08-10] . Revised draft guidelines 425, OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals. (2001-12-17) [2011-08-10] .
[12] Adzu B, Amos S, Amizan MB, Gamaniel K . Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal effects of Zizyphus spina-christi stem bark in rats[J]. Acta Trop, 2003,87(2):245-250
doi: 10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00114-1 pmid: 12826300
[13] Pratap B, Kumar R, Tiwari D, Yadav S, Singh S . Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal property of the hydroalcoholic extract of roots of Calotropis gigantea R.Br. on Caster-induced diarrhoea in rats[J]. Der Pharm Lett, 2010,2(3):309-314
[14] Wu TH, Chen IC, Chen LC . Antacid effects of Chinese herbal prescriptions assessed by a modified artificial stomach model[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2010,16(35):4455-4459
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i35.4455 pmid: 20845514
[15] Hidayathulla S, Chandra KK, Chandrashekar KR . Phytochemical evaluation and antibacterial activity of Pterospermum diversifolium Blume[J]. Int J Pharm Sci, 2011,3(2):165-167
[16] In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss.(Umbelliferae) extract[J]. Asian J Plant Sci, 2010,9(2):99-103
doi: 10.3923/ajps.2010.99.103
[17] Duffy CF, Power RF . Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some Chinese plant extracts[J]. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2001,17(6):527-529
doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00326-0 pmid: 11434342
[18] Pfoze NL, Kumar Y, Myrboh B, Bhagobaty RK, Joshi SR . In vitro antibacterial activity of alkaloid extract from stem bark of Mahonia manipurensis Takeda.[J] Med Plant Res. 2011; 5(5):859-861.
[19] Ali MK, Ashraf A, Biswas NN, Karmakar UK, Afroz S. 玫瑰茄花萼乙醇提取物的抗痛觉敏感、抗炎及止泻作用的实验研究[J]. 中西医结合学报, 2011,9(6):626-631
doi: 10.3736/jcim20110608
Ali MK, Ashraf A, Biswas NN, Karmakar UK, Afroz S . Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal activities of ethanolic calyx extract of Hibiscus sabdarif fa Linn.(Malvaceae) in mice[J]. J Chin Integr Med, 2011,9(6):626-631
[20] Butler T . Loperamide for the treatment of traveler’s diarrhea: broad or narrow usefulness? Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47(8):1015-1016.
doi: 10.1086/593299
[1] Na Wu , Lu Song , Xin-xin Yang, Jiang-lei Wei , Zhen-guo Liu. Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Tianqi Pingchan Granule on G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 involved in the prevention of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in rats with Parkinson disease. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(9): 1018-1024.
[2] Lawrence A. Olatunji, Taofeek O. Usman, Joseph O. Adebayo, Victoria A. Olatunji . Effects of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa on renal Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities in Wistar rats. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(9): 1049-1055.
[3] Dhirender Kaushik, Ajay Kumar, Pawan Kaushik, Avatar C. Rana. Anticonvulsant activity of alcoholic extract of bark of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(9): 1056-1060.
[4] Chan Chen, Chang-xun Chen, Xi-min Wu, Rui Wang, Yi-ming Li. Effects of extracts of Radix Scrophulariae on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats and the underlying mechanisms. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(9): 1009-1017.
[5] Jian-sheng Li, Ya Li, Su-yun Li, Yuan-yuan Wang, Li Deng, Yan-ge Tian, Su-li Jiang , Ying Wang. Long-term effects of Tiaobu Feishen therapies on systemic and local inflammation responses in rats with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(9): 1039-1048.
[6] Karuna A. Talpate, Uma A. Bhosale, Mandar R. Zambare. Clitorea ternatea, a herb from Indian folklore, improves streptozotocin-induced diabetes and diabetes-induced cognitive decline in rats. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(8): 939-947.
[7] Samuel Joshua Pragasam, Vachana Murunikara, Evan Prince Sabina, Mahaboobkhan Rasool. Antiperoxidative potential of p-coumaric acid, a common dietary phenol, in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(8): 932-938.
[8] Zi-hui Li, Jian Wang, Rong-lin Cai, You-wen Wang, Jian-peng Hu. Establishment and evaluation of a rat model of ulcerative colitis with syndrome of dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(8): 918-924.
[9] Meng Li, Ling Hu, Rong-lin Cai, Zi-jian Wu, Ke-ming Wang. Effects of electro-acupuncture at PC6 and BL15 on nerve electrical activity in spinal dorsal root and norepinephrine and dopamine contents in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus in rats with acute myocardial ischemia. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(8): 874-879.
[10] Xin-min Li, Hui Chen, Yan-yan Ren, Yan-li Lu. Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Xifeng Capsule on multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 expression in hippocampus and cortex of rats with lithium-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(8): 911-917.
[11] Hong Wang , Jing-tian Ou , Xin Zhao , Ying Guoz , Hao-ping Mao. Vasodilator effect of oroxylin A on thoracic aorta isolated from rats. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(8): 880-885.
[12] C. Mouli Kalla, Vijaya Tartte, Dattatreya Rao Sirpurkar. Effectiveness of flavonoid-rich leaf extract of Acalypha indica in reversing experimental myocardial ischemia: biochemical and histopathological evidence. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(7): 784-792.
[13] Feng Xin-ying, Zhu Min, Zhang Qi-qi, Chen Yi-ping, Li Wen-wei. Selective protection of nigral dopaminergic neurons by echinacoside in a rat model of Parkinson disease induced by rotenone. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(7): 777-783.
[14] Chuan Chen, Hui-ying Chi, Zhi-hua Yu, Jiu-lin Chen . Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Shoushen Granule on telomere length and telomerase activity of peripheral white blood cells and vascular cells in rats with atherosclerosis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(6): 667-673.
[15] Hui-qing Zhang , Zi-fei Yin , Jia-yu Sheng , Zhu-qian Jiang , Bao-yu Wu , Yong-hua Su. A comparison study of pharmacokinetics between bufalin-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles and bufalin in rats. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(6): 674-680.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] Dong Yang, Yong-ping Du, Qing Shen, Wei Chen, Yan Yu, Guang-lei Chen. Expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in renal tubulointerstitium in patients with kidney collateral stasis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 41-44
[2] Hai-feng Wei, Bai-liu Ya, Ling Zhao, Cui-fei Ye, Li Zhang, Lin Li. Evaluation of tongue manifestation of blood stasis syndrome and its relationship with blood rheological disorder in a rat model of transient brain ischemia. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 73-76
[3] Xi Lin, Jian-ping Liu. Herbal medicines for viral myocarditis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 76
[4] Xi Lin, Jian-ping Liu. Tai chi for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 82
[5] Liang-ping Hu, Hui Gao. Discrimination of errors in statistical analysis of medical papers published in the first issue of 2006 in Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 98-106
[6] Yan-bo Zhu , Qi Wang, Cheng-yu Wu, Guo-ming Pang, Jian-xiong Zhao, Shi-lin Shen, Zhong-yuan Xia , Xue Yan . Logistic regression analysis on relationships between traditional Chinese medicine constitutional types and overweight or obesity. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1023-1035
[7] Wei Xu, Meng Shi, Jian-gang Liu, Cheng-long Wang . Collagen protein expressions in ischemic myocardium of rats with acute myocardial infarction and effects of qi-tonifying, yin-tonifying and blood-activating herbs and detoxifying and blood-activating herbs. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1041-1047
[8] Tao Wang , Feng Qin. Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Xiaoyao Powder on monoamine neurotransmitters in hippocampus of rats with postpartum depression. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1075-1079
[9] Ying Xu , Chang-chun Zeng , Xiu-yu Cai , Rong-ping Guo , Guang Nie , Ying Jin. Chromaticity and optical spectrum colorimetry of the tongue color in different syndromes of primary hepatic carcinoma. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(11): 1263-1271
[10] Xiang-ying Mao , Qin Bian , Zi-yin Shen. Analysis of the osteogenetic effects exerted on mesenchymal stem cell strain C3H10T1/2 by icariin via MAPK signaling pathway in vitro. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(11): 1272-1278
[an error occurred while processing this directive]