提高认知能力的印度传统草药土丁桂

doi:10.3736/jcim20091101

Abstract

Shankhpushpi is an Ayurvedic drug used for its action on the central nervous system, especially for boosting memory and improving intellect. Quantum of information gained from Ayurvedic and other Sanskrit literature revealed the existence of four different plant species under the name of Shankhpushpi, which is used in various Ayurvedic prescriptions described in ancient texts, singly or in combination with other herbs. The sources comprise of entire herbs with following botanicals viz., Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. (Convulvulaceae), Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (Convulvulaceae), Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Papilionaceae) and Canscora decussata Schult. (Gentianaceae). A review on the available scientific information in terms of pharmacognostical characteristics, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, preclinical and clinical applications of controversial sources of Shankhpushpi is prepared with a view to review scientific work undertaken on Shankhpushpi. It may provide parameters of differentiation and permit appreciation of variability of drug action by use of different botanical sources.

Key words: Convulvulus pluricaulis , Evolvulus alsinoides , Clitorea ternatea, Canscora decussata , medicine, Ayurvedic, cognition disorders

Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Alok Nahata, Shri Hari Miahra, Vinod Kumar Dixit. An update on Shankhpushpi, a cognition-boosting Ayurvedic medicine. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2009, 7(11): 1001-1022.

/ / Recommend

Add to citation manager EndNote| Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

URL: http://www.jcimjournal.com/EN/10.3736/jcim20091101

http://www.jcimjournal.com/EN/Y2009/V7/I11/1001

TrendMD

Figures/Tables 11

Evaluated characteristics	E. alsinoides	C. pluricaulis	C. ternatea	C. decussata
Habit	Diffuse, perennial herb	Prostrate, perennial herbs	Ornamental perennial climber	Erect, branching, annual herb
Stem structure
Length	8–10 branches, from central stock (35–40 cm)	Several prostrate stems (10–30 cm)	20–45 cm, splintery, fibrous	20–60 cm, opposite decussate branches
Surface	Pubescent	Clothed with silky hairs	Smooth	Glabrous
Internodes	7–10 mm	10–12 mm	6–13 cm	Usually 3.5–4.5 cm, up to 6.2 cm
Taste	Tasteless	Tasteless	Bitter	Bitter
Outline in T.S.	Terete, wings absent	Terete, wings absent	Terete, wings absent	Annular with four wings
Cuticle	Ridged	Striated	Ridged	Ridged
Trichomes covering	Present,unequally biarmed	Present, conical, unicellular	Present, with two basal cells, multicellular	Absent
Glandular	Present, stalk unicellular, head multicellular (8– 10 cells in 2–4 tiers)	Present, stalk unicellular, head multicellular (four cells)	Present, stalk multicellular, head unicellular	Absent
Chlorenchyma	Present	Present	Present	Absent
Collenchyma	Present	Present	Present	Absent
Endodermis	Indistinct	Indistinct	Indistinct	Distinct
Pericyclic fibers	Present	Present	Present	Absent
Phloem fibers	Absent	Present in old stem only	Present	Absent
Pith	Core hollow	Often an angular hollow, cells pitted in older stem	Pitted with slopting end	Intact, cells pitted when mature
Leaf structure
Phyllotaxy	Alternate	Alternate	Opposite	Opposite decussate
Shape	Elliptic-oblong	Linear, lower Oblanc- eolate,upper elliptic	Imparipinnate, ovate or oblong	Oblong, lanceolate
Size	(8–12) mm× (5–7) mm	(12–38) mm× (5–10) mm	(2–5) cm× (1–2) cm	(25–38) mm× (8–15) mm
Apex	Mucronate	Obtuse-muronate	Mucronate	Acute
Surface	Pubescent	Hairy	Hairy	Glabrous
Midrib
Outline in T.S.	Plano-convex, dorsal bulge prominent	Concavo-convex	Concavo-convex, dorsiventral	Concavo-convex, dorsal bulge irregularly lobed
Collenchyma	Present on either side	Present beneath upper epidermis	–	Absent on either side
Calcium oxalate	Present as rosette	Plenty, along veins	Prismatic crystal along veins	Absent
Lamina	Isobilateral, palisade in 2 layers on either side	Isobilateral, palisade in 3 and 2 layers beneath upper and lower epidermis respectively	Dorsiventral, palisade in either side	Dorsiventral, palisade in 1 layer
Cuticle	Striated	Striated	Striated, weavy	Ridged
Trichomes	Present, similar as in stem	Present, similar as in stem	Present, similar as in stem	Absent
Stomata	Both anisocytic and paracytic types on either side	Both anisocytic and paracytic types on either side	Subcoriaceous, rubiaceous stomata with wavy cells present on both side	Anisocytic; upper epidermis has a few stomata
Quantitative analysis
Stomatal number
Upper surface	280–328–405	202–216–238	291–342–411	Very few
Lower surface	270–336–424	184–212–248	188–223–251	52–72–108
Stomatal index
Upper surface	14.5–15.5–16.5	17.0–18.0–19.9	16.9–18.0–19.1	Very few
Lower surface	15.7–17.0–18.7	13.8–15.8–16.9	14.8–16.3–17.2	16.9–21.0–24.6
Vein-islet number	18.0–19.0–20.0	21.0–23.0–25.0	7.5–8.0–9.0	1–2.5–3.25
Extractive value (w/w, %)
Water soluble	19.80	17.08	18.21	10.00
Alcohol soluble	18.20	14.04	16.14	13.92

Phytochemistry	E. alsinoides	C. pluricaulis
Carbohydrates		D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch and other carbohydrate^[43,44,45].
Proteins and amino acids	Ergot alkaloids^{[49, 50]}.	Proteins and amino acids ^{[44, 45]}.
Alkaloids	Betaine, shankhapushpine and evolvine^{[54,55,56,57]}. Tropane alkaloids^[58].	Only convolamine has been identified, but other alkaloids (convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, convosine, etc.) were found in other species from this family^{[59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]}. The plant contains alkaloid shankhapushpine (C17H25NO2), melting point from 162 ℃ to 164 ℃^[62].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil	Fresh plant contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. An unidentified compound has been isolated^[13]. Stearic, oleic, linoleic acid with magnesium phosphate. Palmitic, 8-methyldecanoic and heptadecanoic acids have been reported^{[57, 69]}.	Volatile oil^[62], fatty acids, fatty alcohols & hydrocarbons, myristic acid (30.9%), palmitic acid (66.8 %) and linoleic acid (2.3%), straight chain hydrocarbon, hextriacontane^{[70, 71]}.
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids	Scopoletin, scopolin, umbelliferone, 2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetrol, ferulic acid esters with alcohols C₁₄-C₁₇. 2,3,4-trihydroxy-3-methylbutyl 3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutoxy) pheny-l]-2 propionate and 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, 6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranoside coumarin, 2-C-methyl erythritol, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β glucopyranoside and quecetine-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were reported from n-BuOH soluble fraction from the ethanol extract of E.alsinoides^{[76, 77]}. Penttriacontane, triacontane and β-sitosterol are found in petroleum ether extract^[57]. Flavonols, flavonoids, saponins, the alkanes, phenolics, and tannins^{[54-56, 78-80]}. EA-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, FAB-MS, NMR and elemental analysis techniques^[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry^[82].	Deshpande & Srivastava (1969) carried out a chemical examination of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis and reported the presence of scopoletin, β-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol^[70]. Chloroform fraction of this contains 20-oxodotriacontanol, tetratriacontanoic acid and 29-oxodotriacontanol, flavonoid-kampferol, steroids-phytosterols, β-sitosterol^[62]. CP-1, a phytochemical marker has been isolated and characterized by HPTLC technique^[81]. Estimation of scopoletin by HPTL in Cp and its formulation^[82,83]. Estimation of scopoletin by spectrofluriometry^[84].
Plant growth regulator	Phytohormones^[16]

Phytochemistry	C. ternatea	C. decussata
Carbohydrates	Water-soluble mucilage, delphinidin 3, 3, 5-triglucoside^[46]. Oligosaccharides or flutulene^[47]. Mucilage contains anhydrog-acatan, anhydropentosan and methyl-pentosan^[48].
Proteins and amino acids	Amino acids and amides^[51], characterization of amino acid^[52]. Protein finotin and three unidentified trypsin inhibitors^[53].
Alkaloids	An alkaloid^{[48, 67]}.	Alkaloid^[68].
Fatty acids/Volatile oil/Fixed oil	Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids^{[72,73,74,75]}. The seeds yield a greenish-yellow fixed oil^[52].
Phytochemistry	C. ternatea	C. decussata
Phenolics/Glycosides/ Triterpenoid/Steroids	P-hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonol-3-glycoside, ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, adenosine, 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3-rhamnoglucoside, a polypeptide, hexacosanol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol and an anthoxanthin glucoside^{[85,86,87,88]}. Terntains (blue anthocyanins)^[89]. The six major anthocyanins ternatins were isolated and the structures were characterized as malonylated delphinidin 3, 3', 5'-triglucosides having 3', 5'- side chains with alternative D-glucose and p-coumaric acids unit^{[90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]}. Flavanol glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, lactones aparajitin and clitorin^{[99,100,101,102,103,104,105]}, delphinidin^[106], acylated anthocyanins^[94], flavonoids, malonylated flavonol glycosides^{[105, 106]}. Yadava & Verma (2003) isolated antimicrobial flavonol glycoside^[107]. Banerjee and Chakravarti (1963-1964) reported the isolation and identification of pentacyclic triterpenoid, taraxerol and taraxerone from the roots^{[108, 109]}. Content of taraxerol in root of CT was determined through HPTLC^[110].	Xanthone^{[56, 68, 111, 112]}, (-)-loliolides^[113], 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthones^[114], 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8 -trimethoxy, 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxy and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthones ^[115]. Ghosal (1971) isolated known and new triterpines^[68], lanostane triterpenoids^[116]. Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin by spectrofluriometry^[117].
Plant growth regulator	Indole acetic acid, kinetin, ABA and gibberelic acid^{[118, 119]}.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

arts/Extract/Compound used	E. alsinoides	C. pluricaulis	C. ternatea	C.decussata
Toxicological studies
Roots and aerial parts/Aqueous extract/ Alcoholic extract	[121]	[122, 123]	[124-126]	[127]
Learning and memory enhancing, enhancement of acetylcholine content
Roots and aerial parts/Aqueous extract/ Alcoholic extract	[128-131]	[122, 123, 132]	[120, 124, 133-138]	Not reported
Nootropic activity/Anxiolytic activity/Tranquillizing property/Antidepressant activity/Antistress activity/ Neurodegenerative/Antiamensic/CNS
Roots and aerial parts/Alcoholic extract/ Methanolic extract	[56, 77, 130, 139-143]	[27, 61, 144-152]	[125, 153, 154]	[127]
Anticonvulsant activity
Roots and aerial parts/Alcoholic extract/ Methanolic extract	Not reported	[150, 155]	[125, 154]	[127, 156, 157]
Monoamine oxidase-inhibiting activity
Mangiferin	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	[158]
Antioxidant activity
Roots and aerial parts/Aqueous extract/Alcoholic extract	[141, 159]	[160]	[160]	Not reported
Hypolipidemic
Roots and aerial parts/Alcoholic extract	Not reported	[161]	Not reported	Not reported
Immunomodulatory
Roots and aerial parts/Aqueous extract/ Alcoholic extract	[162]	[163]	[164]	[165]
Blood platelet aggregation inhibiting and vascular smooth muscle relaxant
Flowers/Anthocynins	Not reported	Not reported	[166]	Not reported
Antipyretic activity/Anti-inflammatory activity/Analgesic activity
Roots and aerial parts/Alcoholic extract/ Methanolic extract	[162, 167]	[150]	[125, 126, 168]	[127, 169, 170]
Antimicrobial activity/Insecticidal activity/Antifungal/Antibacterial/Anthelmintic
Aerial parts/Extract Seeds/Finotin/ Flavanol glycoside	[56, 79, 171-176]	[177, 178]	[53, 107, 179]	Not reported
Antidiabetic activity
Flowers/Ethanolic extract	Not reported	[180	[181]	Not reported
Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity
Alcoholic extract	[172]	[182]	Not reported	Not reported
Diuretic activity
Roots/Alcoholic extract	Not reported	Not reported	[183]	[127]
Local anesthetic effect
Aerial parts/Alcoholic extract	Not reported	Not reported	[125]	Not reported
Spermicidal actvity
Roots and aerial parts/Aqueous extract/ Alcoholic extract	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	[184, 185]
Hepatoprotective and gastroprotective
Roots and aerial parts/Aqueous extract/ Alcoholic extract	[186]	Not reported	Not reported	[168, 187]
Cardiovascular activity
Roots and aerial parts/Aqueous extract/ Alcoholic extract	[55, 56]	[188, 189]	Not reported	[127]
Antituberculosis
Roots and aerial parts/Aqueous extract/ Alcoholic extract	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	[190, 191]
Skin care
Roots and aerial parts/Aqueous extract/ Alcoholic extract	[192, 193]	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
Drug interaction
Interaction between phenytoin and Shankhpushpi	Not reported	[194]	Not reported	Not reported
Activity of polyherbal formulation/Clinical studies
BR-16A (Mentat)/Thyrocap/Ayushman-8	[195-209]	[210-212]	[213]	[214]
Review on various pharmacological aspects
Complete	[16, 56, 215]	[56]	[56, 120]	[56]

References 236

[1]	Patwardhan B, Warude N, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N . Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview[J]. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2005,2(4):465-473 doi: 10.1093/ecam/neh140
[2]	Mason JW . A historical view of the stress field[J]. J Hum Stress, 1975,1(2):22-36
[3]	Bhattacharya SK, Muruganandam AV . Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2003,75(3):547-555 doi: 10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00110-2
[4]	Carlini EA . Plants and the central nervous system[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2003,75(3):501-512 doi: 10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00112-6 pmid: 12895668
[5]	Bharkatiya M, Goyal A, Gupta GD, Gaud RS . Memory enhancers[J]. Indian Pharmacist, 2006,5(8):32-36
[6]	Suba V, Murugesan T, Rao RB, Pal M, Mandal SC, Saha BP . Neuropharmacological profile of Barleria lupulina Lindl.Extract in animal models[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2002,81(2):251-255 doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00087-9 pmid: 12065159
[7]	Johnson N, Davis T, Bosanquet N . The epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease[J]. How can we manage the costs? Pharmacoeconomics, 2000,18(3):215-223
[8]	Nordberg A, Sevensson AL . Cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, a comparison of tolerability and pharmacology[J]. Drug Saf, 1998,19(6):465-480 doi: 10.2165/00002018-199819060-00004
[9]	Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ . Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants[J]. Phytomedicine, 2007,14(4):289-300 doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.02.002
[10]	Tully T, Bourtchouladze R, Scott R, Tallman J . Targeting the CREB pathway for memory enhancers[J]. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2003,2(4):267-277 doi: 10.1038/nrd1061 pmid: 12669026
[11]	Kumar DC . Pharmacognosy can help minimize accidental misuse of herbal medicine[J]. Curr Sci, 2007,93(10):1356-1358
[12]	Anonymous Ministry of Health and Family Welfare . Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy[M]. The Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India: New Delhi: Controller of Publications, 2001,: 147-149
[13]	Goyal PR, Singh KP . Shankhpuspi(Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.)[J]. a medicinal herb. Int J Mendel, 2005,22(3-4):124-125
[14]	Shah V, Bole PV . Botanical identity of Shankapushpi[J]. Indian J Pharm, 1961,23(8):223-224
[15]	Shah VC, Bole PV . Further pharmacognostic studies on the drug ‘Shankhpushpi’[J]. J Univers Bombay, 1960,29:154-165
[16]	Austuin DF . Evolvulus alsinoides(Convolvulaceae): an American herb in the Old World[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2008,117(2):185-198 doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.038 pmid: 18384986
[17]	Dubey NK, Kumar R, Tripathi P . Global promotion of herbal medicine: India’s opportunity[J]. Curr Sci, 2004,86(1):37-41
[18]	Unnikrishnan E.Materia medica of the local health traditions of Payyannur[J]. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, Center for Development Studies , 2004
[19]	Gupta AK, Tandon N, Sharma M . Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants[M]. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research, 2005 70
[20]	Chatterjee A . Treatise of Indian medicinal plants[M]. New Delhi: India Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1990,: 327
[21]	Upadhya AS, Kambhojkar MS . Studies on Ayurvedic drug Shankhpushpi from Western maharastra medicobotanical reported aspects[J]. Bullet Med Ethanob Res, 1993,14(1-2):64-69
[22]	Shah Y, Tangalas EG , Petersseen RC.Mild cognitive impairments[J]. When is it a precursor to Alzheimer disease? Geriatrics, 2000, 55(9): 62, 65-68
[23]	Chunekar KC . Bhavaprakasa nighantu(Commentary)[M]. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Vidyabhawan, 1969,: 454-455
[24]	Fantz PR . Nomenclatural notes on the genus Clitorea for the Flora North American Project[J]. Castanea, 2000,65(2):89-92
[25]	Cramer LH. Gentianaceae.In: Dassenayake MD, Fosberg FR(A revised handbook to the flora of ceylon)[M]. New Delhi: Amarind Publishing Co, 1981,(A revised handbook to the flora of ceylon):55-78
[26]	Sad F . The convulvulus species of the Canary Isles, the Mediterranean region and the Near and Middle East[M]. Rotterdam: Bronder-ofset, 1967 281-288
[27]	Dandiya PC, Chopra YM . CNS-active drugs from plants indigenous to India[J]. Indian J Pharm., 1970,2(3):67-90
[28]	Woodson Jr RE, Schery RW, Dwyer JD . Flora of Panama[J]. Ann Missouri Bot Gard, 1980,67:582-593
[29]	Rajaqkaruna N, Harris CS, Towers GHN . Antimicrobial activity of plants collected from serpentine outcrops in Sri Lanka[J]. Pharm Biol, 2002,40(3):235-244 doi: 10.1076/phbi.40.3.235.5825
[30]	Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S . Traditional knowledge of Kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu, India[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2005,102(2):246-255 doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.020 pmid: 16054791
[31]	Hegde HV, Hegde GR, Kholkute SD . Herbal care for reproductive health: ethnomedicobotany from Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, India.[J]. Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2007,13(1):38-45 doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2006.09.002
[32]	Sandhya B, Thomas S, Isabel W, Shenbagarathai R . Ethanomedicinal plants used by the Valaiyan community of Piranmalai hills(Reserved forest), Tamilnadu, India: a pilot study[J]. Afr J Trad CAM, 2006,3(1):101-114
[33]	Burkill HM . The useful plants of west tropical Africa[J]. Royal Botanic Gardens, 1985,5:33
[34]	Bussmann RW, Gilbreath GG, Solio J, Lutura M, Lutuluo R, Kunguru K, Wood N, Mathenge SG . Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya[J]. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 2006,2:22-25 doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-2-22 pmid: 16674830
[35]	Sinha PA, Kumar SP, Wahi A . Comparative pharmacognostic study on Shankhpushpi: Canscora decussata Schult, Convulvulus pleuricaulis Chios and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.[J]. Bull Med Ethnobot Res, 1986,10(1):62-73
[36]	Kirtikar KR, Basu BD . Indian medicinal plants(2nd ed)[M]. Periodical experts, New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research, 1993,( 2nd ed):1774
[37]	Varadan KSS, Vaidyanathan TS, Rama Rao MV . Phytochemistry of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn[J]. Indian J Pharm, 1958,20:100-105
[38]	Karandikar GK, Satakopan S . Shankhpushpi-{A} pharmacognostic study-{Ⅰ}. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn[J]. Indian J Pharm, 1959,21(7):200-203
[39]	Karandikar GK, Satakopan S . Shankhpushpi-{A} pharmacognostic study-{Ⅱ}. Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb.[J]. Indian J Pharm, 1959,21(7):204-207
[40]	Karandikar GK, Satakopan S . Shankhpushpi-{A} pharmacognostic study-{Ⅲ}. Clitorea ternatea Linn[J]. Indian J Pharm, 1959,21(12):327-331
[41]	Kapadia NS, Acharya NS, Suhagia BN . A pharmacognostical study on Convulvulus prostratus Forssk.[J]. J Nat Rem, 2005,5(2):108-114
[42]	Devi BP, Boominathan R, Mandal SC . Studies on pharmacognostical profiles of Clitorea ternatea root(blue flowered variety)[J]. India J Nat Prod, 2002,18:2-15
[43]	Shah SC, Quadry SJ . A textbook of pharmacognosy(7th ed)[M]. New Delhi: CBS Publishers, 1990,( 7th ed):388-389
[44]	Bisht NPS, Singh R . Chemical studies of Convulvulus microphyllus Sieb[J]. Planta Med, 1978,34(2):222-223 doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097443
[45]	Deshpande SM, Srivastava DN . Chemical studies of Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy[J]. J Indian Chem Soc, 1969,46(8):759-760
[46]	Macedo MLR, Xavier-Filho J . Purification and partial characterization of trypsin inhibitors from seeds of Clitorea ternatea[J]. J Sci Food Agr, 1992,58(1):55-58 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0010
[47]	Revilleza MJ, Mendoza EM, Raymundo LC . Oligosaccharides in several Philippine indigenous food legumes: determination, localization and removal.[J]. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 1990,40(1):83-93 doi: 10.1007/BF02193782
[48]	Sinha A . Mucilage from the leaves of Clitorea ternatea[M]. India: Proceedings of the Institution of Chemists, 1960,: 228-231
[49]	Nambiar GR, Mehta AR . Influence of sugars on ergot alkaloid production by cell suspensions of Evolvulus alsinoides L[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1981,19:535-537
[50]	Nair GG, Daniel M, Sabnis SD . Ergolines in the seeds of some Indian Convolvulaceae[J]. Indian J Pharm Sci, 1987,49(3):100-102
	Nair GG, Daniel M, Sabnis SD . Ergolines in the seeds of some Indian Convolvulaceae[J]. Indian J Pharm Sci, 1987,49(3):100-102
[51]	Rajagopalan N . Free amino acids and amides in legume root nodules[J]. Curr Sci, 1964,33:454-456
[52]	Joshi SS, Shrivastava RK, Shrivastava DK . Chemical examination of Clitoria ternatea seeds[J]. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 1981,58(6):714-715 doi: 10.1007/BF02899459
[53]	Kelemu S, Cardona C, Segura G . Antimicrobial and insecticidal protein isolated from seeds of Clitorea ternatea, a tropical forage legume.[J]. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2004,42(11):867-873 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.10.013
[54]	Guruswamy MN, Krishnamurthy TR. Vaidyanathan TS . A preliminary note on the pharmacology of evolvine[J]. Curr Sci, 1956,25:119-120
[55]	Krishnamurthy TR . Some pharmacological actions of evolvine hydrochloride[J]. Curr Sci, 1959,28:: 64-65
	Krishnamurthy TR . Some pharmacological actions of evolvine hydrochloride[J]. Curr Sci, 1959,28:: 64-65.
[56]	Aulakh GS, Narayanan S, Ma G . Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Shankhpushpi four varieties[J]. Anc Sci Life, 1988,7(3-4):149-156 pmid: 842332522
[57]	Baveja SK, Singla RD . Investigation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn(Shankhpushpi)[J]. Indian J Pharm, 1969,31(4):108-110
	Baveja SK, Singla RD . Investigation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn(Shankhpushpi).[J]. Indian J Pharm, 1969,31(4):108-110
[58]	Encyclopedia Britannica Online[2007-04-05]. .
[59]	Basu NK, Dandiya PC . Chemical investigation of Convulvulus pluricaulis[J]. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc, 1948,37(1):27 doi: 10.1002/jps.3030370108 pmid: 18899765
	Basu NK, Dandiya PC . Chemical investigation of Convulvulus pluricaulis[J]. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc, 1948,37(1):27
[60]	Lounasmaa M. The tropane alkaloids. In: Brossi A. The alkaloids: Chemistry and pharmcology[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1988,: 72-74.
[61]	Prasad GC, Gupta RC, Srivastava DN, Tandon AK, Wahi RS, Udupa KN . Effect of Shankhpushpi on experimental stress[J]. J Res Indian Med, 1974,9(2):19-27
[62]	Singh GK, Bhandari A . Text book of pharmacognosy[M]. New Delhi: CBS Publishers, 2000,: 193-194
[63]	Mirzaev YR, Aripova SF . Neuro- and psychopharmacological investigations of the alkaloids convolvine and atropine[J]. Chem Natural Comp, 1998,34(1):56-58 doi: 10.1007/BF02249687
[64]	Razzakov NA, Aripova SF . Confolidine, a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus[J]. Chem Natural Comp, 2004,40(1):54-55 doi: 10.1023/B:CONC.0000025466.77810.83
[65]	Gapparov AM, Razzakov NA, Aripova SF . Alkaloids of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan[J]. Chem Natural Comp, 2007,43(3):291-292 doi: 10.1007/s10600-007-0107-0
	Gapparov AM, Razzakov NA, Aripova SF . Alkaloids of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan[J]. Chem Natural Comp, 2007,43(3):291-292
[66]	Gapparov AM, Aripova SF, Razzakov NA.Khuzhaev VU . Conpropine, a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan[J]. Chem Natural Comp, 2008,44(6):743-744 doi: 10.1007/s10600-009-9187-3
	Gapparov AM, Aripova SF, Razzakov NA, .Khuzhaev VU . Conpropine, a new alkaloid from the aerial part of Convolvulus subhirsutus from Uzbekistan[J]. Chem Natural Comp, 2008,44(6):743-744
[67]	Malabadi RB, Nataraja K . Alkaloid biosynjournal influenced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation and bioreactor in Clitorea ternatea(Linn.)[J]. Plant Cell Biotechnol Mol Biol, 2003,4:169-178
[68]	Ghosal S, Chaudhary RK, Nath A . Chemical constituents of the roots of Canscora decussata.[J]. Part Ⅱ.J Indian Chem Soc, 1971,48(6):589-592
[69]	Cervenka F, Rehakova Z, Brojerova E, Koleckar V, Vytlacilova J, Jahodar L . Evolvulus alsinoides L[M]. –phytochemical analysis: Conference Proceedings, DPhG Jahrestagung–Joint Meeting, Marburg, Germany, October 5-7, 2006,: 106
	Červenka F, Reháková Z, Brojerová E, Koleckár V, Vytlacilová J, Jahodár L . Evolvulus alsinoides L[M]. –phytochemical analysis: Conference Proceedings, DPhG Jahrestagung–Joint Meeting, Marburg, Germany, October 5-7, 2006,: 106
[70]	Deshpande SM, Srivastava DN . Chemical examination of the fatty acids of Convulvulus pluricaulis[J]. Indian Oil Soap J, 1969,34(2):217-218
[71]	Srivastava DN, Deshpande SM . Gas chromatographic identification of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and hydrocarbons of Convulvulus pluricaulis(Choisy).[J]. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 1975,52(8):318-319 doi: 10.1007/BF02637735
[72]	Vianni R, Souto SM . Oil content and fatty acid composition of Clitorea ternatea seeds.[J]. Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 1971,1:47-50
[73]	Debnath NB, Chakravarti D, Ghosh A . Fatty acids of Clitorea ternatea seed oils[J]. J Ins Chemists, 1975,47:253-255
	Debnath NB, Chakravarti D, Ghosh A . Fatty acids of Clitorea ternatea seed oils[J]. J Ins Chemists, 1975,47:253-255
[74]	Joshi SS, Shrivastava RK, Shrivastava DK . Chemical examination of Clitorea ternatea seeds[J]. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 1981,58(6):714-715 doi: 10.1007/BF02899459
	Joshi SS, Shrivastava RK, Shrivastava DK . Chemical examination of Clitorea ternatea seeds[J]. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 1981,58(6):714-715
[75]	Husain S, Devi KS . Fatty acid composition of three plant species: Clitorea ternatea, Mandulea suberosa and Ruta chalapensis[J]. J Oil Technol Assoc India, 1998,30:162-164
	Husain S, Devi KS . Fatty acid composition of three plant species: Clitorea ternatea, .Mandulea suberosa and Ruta c75 Husain S, Devi KS. Fatty acid composition of three plant species: Clitorea ternatea, Mandulea suberosa and Ruta chalapensis. J Oil Technol Assoc India. 1998; 30: 162-164.halapensis[J]. J Oil Technol Assoc India, 1998,30:162-164
[76]	Cervenka F , Jahodár L.Plant metabolites as nootropics and cognitives[J]. Ceska Slov Farm, 2006,55(5):219-229 pmid: 17128592
[77]	Gupta P, Akanksha, Siripurapu KB , Ahmad A, Palit G, Arora A, Maurya R. Anti-stress constituents of Evolvulus alsinoides: an Ayurvedic crude drug[J]. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2007,55(5):771-775 doi: 10.1248/cpb.55.771 pmid: 17473466
[78]	Mehta CR, Shah NB . Chemical examination of Evolvulus alsinoides[J]. Sci Cult, 1958,24:180-181
[79]	Kapoor A, Mahoor R, Viashampayan N, Gautam N . Antifungal spectrum of some petal extracts[J]. Geobios, 1981,8(2):66-67
	Kapoor A, Mahoor R, Viashampayan N, Gautam N . Antifungal spectrum of some petal extracts[J]. Geobios, 1981,8(2):66-67
[80]	van Valkenburg JLCH, Bunyapraphatsara N . Plant resources in South-East Asia. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. Leiden: Prosea Foundation. 2001.
[81]	Patil UK, Dixit VK . Densitometric standardization of herbal medical products containing Evolvulus alsinoides by quantification of a marker compound[J]. J Planar Chromatogr, 2005,18(3):234-239 doi: 10.1556/JPC.18.2005.3.13
[82]	Kapadia NS, Acharya NS, Acharya SA, Shah MB . Use of HPTLC to establish a distinct chemical profile for Shankhpushpi and for quantification of scopoletin in Convulvulus pluricaulis choisy and in commercial formulations of Shankhpushpi[J]. J Planar Chromatogr, 2006,19(109):195-199 doi: 10.1556/JPC.19.2006.3.4
[83]	Zafar R, Ahmad S, Mujeeb M . Estimation of scopoletin in leaf and leaf callus of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb[J]. Indian J Pharm Sci, 2005,67(5):600-603
[84]	Nahata A, Dixit VK . Spectrofluorimetric estimation of scopoletin in Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. and Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy[J]. Indian J Pharm Sci, 2008,70(6):834-837 doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.49139
[85]	Sinha A . β-sitosterol from the seeds of Clitorea ternatea[J]. Curr Sci, 1960,29:180-181
[86]	Kulshrestha DK, Khare MP . Chemical investigation of the seeds of Clitorea ternatea[J]. Curr Sci, 1967,36:124-125
[87]	Kulshrestha DK, Khare MP . Chemical study of Clitorea ternatea seeds[J]. Chem Ber, 1968,101:2096-2105 doi: 10.1002/cber.19681010627
[88]	Gupta RK, Lal LB . Chemical components of the seeds of Clitorea ternatea.[J]. Indian J Pharm, 1968,30:167-169
[89]	Srivastava BK, Pande ES . Anthocyanins from the flowers of Clitorea ternatea[J]. Planta M, 1977,32:138-140 doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097573
	Srivastava BK, Pande ES . Anthocyanins from the flowers of Clitorea ternatea.ed[J]. Planta M, 1977,32:138-140
[90]	Terahara N, Oda M, Matsui T, Osajima Y, Saito N, Toki K, Honda T . Five new anthocyanins, ternatins A3, B4, B3, B2, and D2, from Clitorea ternatea flowers[J]. J Nat Prod, 1996,59(2):139-144 doi: 10.1021/np960050a pmid: 8991946
[91]	Terahara N, Saito N, Honda H . Structures of Clitorea ternatea pigments[J]. Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu Toronkai Koen Yoshishu, 1989,31:324-331
[92]	Terahara N, Saito N, Honda T, Toki K, Osajima Y . Structure of ternatin A1, the largest ternatin in the major blue anthocyanins from Clitorea ternatea flower[J]. Tetrahed Lett, 1990,31(20):2921-2924 doi: 10.1016/0040-4039(90)80185-O
[93]	Terahara N, Saito N, Honda T, Toki K, Osajima Y . Structure of ternatin D1, an acylated anthocyanin from Clitorea ternatea flowers[J]. Tetrahed Lett, 1989,30(39):5305-5308 doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)93771-2
[94]	Terahara N, Saito N, Honda T, Toki K, Osajima Y . Acylated anthocyanins of Clitorea ternatea flowers and their acyl moieties[J]. Phytochemistry, 1990,29(3):949-953 doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(90)80053-J
[95]	Terahara N, Saito N, Honda T, Toki K, Osajima Y . Further structural elucidation of the anthocyanin, deacyl ternatin, from Clitorea ternatea[J]. Phytochemistry, 1990,29(11):3686-3687 doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(90)85308-3
[96]	Terahara N, Saito N, Honda T, Toki K, Osajima Y . Structure of ternatin A2, one of Clitorea ternatea flower anthocyanins having unsymmetrical side chains[J]. Heterocycles, 1990,31(10):1773-1776 doi: 10.3987/COM-90-5544
[97]	Terahara N, Toki K, Saito N, Honda T, Matsui T . Eight new anthocyanins, ternatins C1-C5 and D3 and preternatins A3 and C4 from young Clitorea ternatea flowers[J]. J Nat Prod, 1998,61(11):1361-1367 doi: 10.1021/np980160c
[98]	Kondo T, Ueda M, Goto T . Structure of ternatin B1, a pentaacylated anthocyanin substituted on the B-ring asymmetrically with two long chains[J]. Tetrahedron, 1990,46(13-14):4749-4756 doi: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)85593-9
	Kondo T, Ueda M, Goto T . Structure of ternatin B1, a pentaacylated anthocyanin substituted on the B-ring asymmetrically with two long chains[J]. Tetrahedron, 1990,46(13-14):4749-4756
[99]	Tiwari RD, Gupta RK . Chemical examination of the leaves of Clitorea ternatea[J]. J Indian Chem Soc, 1959,36:243-246
[100]	Morita N, Arisawa M, Nagase M, Hsu HT, Chen YP . Studies on the constituents of Formosan Leguminosae. I. The constituents in the leaves of Clitorea ternatea L(author’s transl[J]. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1977,97(6):649-653 doi: 10.1248/yakushi1947.97.6_649
[101]	Ripperger H . Isolation of stigmast-4-ene-3, 6-dione from Hamelia patens and Clitorea ternatea[J]. Pharmazie, 1978,33(1):82-83 pmid: 674284
	Ripperger H . Isolation of stigmast-4-ene-3, 6-dione from Hamelia patens and Clitorea ternatea[J]. Pharmazie, 1978,33(1):82-83
[102]	Ranaganayaki S, Singh AK . Isolation and identification of pigments of the flowers of Clitorea ternatea[J]. J Indian Chem Soc, 1979,56:1037-1038
[103]	Saito N, Abe K, Honda T, Timberlake CF, Bridle P . Acylated delphinidin glucosides and flavonols from Clitorea ternatea[J]. Phytochemistry, 1985,24(7):1583-1586 doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81069-9
[104]	Kazuma K, Kogawa K, Noda N, Kato N, Suzuki M . Identification of delphinidin 3-O-(6'-O-malonyl)-β-glucoside-3'-O-β-glucoside, a postulated intermediate in the biosynjournal of ternatin C5 in the blue petals of Clitorea ternatea(butterfly pea)[J]. Chem Biodivers, 2004,1(11):1762-1770 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1612-1880
[105]	Kazuma K, Noda N, Suzuki M . Malonylated flavonol glycosides from the petals of Clitorea ternatea[J]. Phytochemistry, 2003,62(2):229-237 doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00486-7 pmid: 12482461
[106]	Kazuma K, Noda N, Suzuki M . Flavonoid composition related to petal color in different lines of Clitorea ternatea[J]. Phytochemistry, 2003,64(6):1133-1139 doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00504-1 pmid: 14568080
	Kazuma K, Noda N, Suzuki M . Flavonoid composition related to petal color in different lines of Clitorea ternatea[J]. Phytochemistry, 2003,64(6):1133-1139
[107]	Yadava RN, Verma V . Antimicrobial activity of a novel flavonol glycoside isolated from the roots of Clitorea ternatea Linn[J]. Asian J Chem, 2003,( 15):842-846
[108]	Banerjee SK, Chakravarti RN . Taraxerol from Clitorea ternatea[J]. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med, 1963,( 11):106-107 pmid: 14068655
[109]	Banerjee SK, Chakravarti RN . Taraxerone from Clitorea ternatea[J]. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med, 1964,12:: 23 pmid: 14154267
	Banerjee SK, Chakravarti RN . Taraxerone from Clitorea ternatea[J]. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med, 1964,12:: 23
[110]	Kumar V, Mukherjee K, Kumar S, Mal M, Mukherjee PK . Validation of HPTLC method for the analysis of taraxerol in Clitorea ternatea[J]. Phytochem Anal, 2008,19(3):244-250 doi: 10.1002/pca.1042 pmid: 17994532
[111]	Ghosal S, Chaudhary RK, Nath A . Chemical constituents of gentianaceae. Ⅳ. New xanthone of Canscora decussata[J]. J Pharm Sci, 1973,62(1):137-139 doi: 10.1002/jps.2600620128 pmid: 4682915
[112]	Madam BR . Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Canscora decussata: an Indian indigenous drug[J]. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 1960,124:358-367
[113]	Ghosal S, Singh AK, Chaudhary RK . Chemical constituents of gentianaceae XX: natural occurrence of(-)-loliolide in Canscora decussata[J]. J Pharm Sci, 1976,65(10):1549-1551 doi: 10.1002/jps.2600651038
[114]	Ghosal S, Biswas K, Chaudhary RK . Chemical constituents of gentianaceae part 22, structure of new 1, 3, 5-tri and 1, 3, 5, 6, 7-penta oxygenated xanthone Canscora decussata Schult[J]. J Chem Soc Perkin 1, 1977,14:1597-1605
[115]	Chintalwar GJ, Chattopadhyay S . Structural conformation of deccusatin: Swertia deccusata xanthone[J]. Nat Prod Res, 2006,20(1):53-56 doi: 10.1080/14786410500161924 pmid: 16286309
	Chintalwar GJ, Chattopadhyay S . Structural conformation of deccusatin: Swertia deccusata xanthone[J]. Nat Prod Res, 2006,20(1):53-56
[116]	Ghosal S, Chaudhuri RK, Nath A . Lanostane triterpenes of Canscora decussata[J]. Phytochemistry, 1973,12:1763-1766 doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(73)80399-1
[117]	Sethiya NK, Nahata A, .Dixit VK . Simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of scopoletin and mangiferin in a methanolic extract of Canscora decussata Schult[J]. Asian J Trad Med, 2008,3(6):224-229
[118]	Ahmad MH, Rafique UM , McLaughlin W. Characterization of indigenous rhizobia from wild legumes[J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1984,24(2-3):197-203 doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01304.x
[119]	Roy M, Basu PS . Contents of hormones and indole acetic acid metabolism in root nodules of Clitorea ternatea L[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1992,30(9):835-838
[120]	Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Kumar NS, Heinrich M . The Ayurvedic medicine Clitorea ternatea: from traditional use to scientific assessment[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2008,120(3):291-301 doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.009 pmid: 18926895
	Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Kumar NS, Heinrich M . The Ayurvedic medicine Clitorea ternatea: from traditional use to scientific assessment[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2008,120(3):291-301
[121]	Agarwal N, Dey CD . Behavioral and lethal effects of alcoholic extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides in albino mice[J]. J Physiol Allied Sci, 1997,31(2):81
[122]	Nahata A, Patil UK, Dixit VK . Effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. on learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents[J]. Nat Prod Res, 2008,22(16):1472-1482 doi: 10.1080/14786410802214199
	Nahata A, Patil UK, Dixit VK . Effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy. on learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents[J]. Nat Prod Res, 2008,22(16):1472-1482
[123]	Pawar SA, Dhuley JN, Naik SR . Neuropharmacology of an extract derived from Convulvulus microphyllus[J]. Pharmaceut Biol, 2001,39(4):253-258 doi: 10.1076/phbi.39.4.253.5920
	Pawar SA, Dhuley JN, Naik SR . Neuropharmacology of an extract derived from Convulvulus microphyllus[J]. Pharmaceut Biol, 2001,39(4):253-258
[124]	Taranalli AD, Cheeramkuczhi TC . Influence of Clitorea ternatea on memory and central cholinergic activity in rats[J]. Pharmaceut Biol, 2000,38(1):51-56 doi: 10.1076/1388-0209(200001)3811-BFT051 pmid: 21214440
[125]	Kulkarni C, Pattanshetty JR, Amruthraj G . Effect of alcoholic extract of Clitorea ternatea Linn on central nervous system in rodents[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1988,26(12):957-960
[126]	Parimaladevi B, Boominathan R, Mandal SC . Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Clitorea ternatea L. extract in rats[J]. Phytomedicine, 2004,11(4):323-326 doi: 10.1078/0944711041495191 pmid: 15185845
	Parimaladevi B, Boominathan R, Mandal SC . Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Clitorea ternatea L. extract in rats[J]. Phytomedicine, 2004,11(4):323-326
[127]	Bhattacharya SK, Ghosal S, Chaudhuri RK, Sanyal AK . Canscora decussata(Gentianaceae) xanthones. 3. Pharmacological studies[J]. J Pharm Sci, 1972,61(11):1838-1849 doi: 10.1002/jps.2600611136 pmid: 4652665
	Bhattacharya SK, Ghosal S, Chaudhuri RK, Sanyal AK . Canscora decussata(Gentianaceae) xanthones. 3. Pharmacological studies[J]. J Pharm Sci, 1972,61(11):1838-1849
[128]	Misra R . Modern drug development from traditional medicinal plants using radio legend receptor-binding assays[J]. Med Res Rev, 1998,18(6):383-402 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1098-1128
[129]	Andrade C, Sudha S, Venkataraman BV . Herbal treatments for ESC induced memory deficits: a review of research and a discussion on animal models[J]. J ECT, 2000,16(2):144-156 doi: 10.1097/00124509-200006000-00006
	Andrade C, Sudha S, Venkataraman BV . Herbal treatments for ESC induced memory deficits: a review of research and a discussion on animal models[J]. J ECT, 2000,16(2):144-156
[130]	Siripurapu KB, Gupta P, Bhatia G, Maurya R, Nath C, Palit G . Adaptogenic and anti-amnesiac properties of Evolvulus alsinoides in rodents[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2005,81(3):424-432 doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.03.003
[131]	Nahata A, Patil UK , Dixit VK . Effect of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. on learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents. Phytother Res. 2009; [Epub ahead of print]. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2932.
[132]	Sinha SN, Dixit VP, Madnawat AVS, Sharma OP . The possible potentiation of cognitive processing on administration of Convulvulus microphyllus in rats[J]. Indian Med, 1989,1(3):1-6.
[133]	Rai KS, Rao MS, Karanth KS . Clitorea ternatea enhances learning and memory an experimental study on rats. International Congress on Frontiers in Pharmacology and Therapeutics in 21st Century. New Delhi, India[J]. Indian J Pharmacol, 2000,32:150
[134]	Rai KS, Murthy KD, Rao MS . Clitorea ternatea(Linn) root extract treatment in rats during growth spurt period affects dendritic morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons. Calcutta(Third Congress)[M]. Federation of Indian Physiological Societies (FIPS),: Calcutta (Abstract No. 45), 2000,( Third Congress):45
[135]	ai KS, Murthy KD, Rao MS . Clitorea ternatea(Linn) root extract treatment in rats during growth spurt period affects dendritic morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons(Calcutta: Third Congress)[M]. Federation of Indian Physiological Societies (FIPS): Calcutta (Abstract No. 45), 2000,( Calcutta: Third Congress):45
[136]	Rai KS, Murthy KD, Karanth KS, Rao MS . Clitorea ternatea Linn. root extract treatment during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory in rats[J]. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2001,45(3):305-313
[137]	Rai KS, Murthy KD, Rao MS, Karanth KS . Altered dendritic arborization of amygdala neurons in young adult rats orally incubated with Clitorea ternatea aqueous root extract[J]. Phytother Res, 2005,19(7):592-598 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1573
[138]	Ng TB, Wang HX, Liu F, Xia LX . Plants beneficial to the aging brain[J]. Neuroembryol Aging, 2006,3(3):136-141
[139]	Anis M, Sharma MP, Iqbal M . Herbal ethnomedicine of the Gwalior forest division in Madhya Pradesh[J]. India Pharmaceut Biol, 2000,38(4):241-253 doi: 10.1076/1388-0209(200009)3841-AFT241 pmid: 21214469
	Anis M, Sharma MP, Iqbal M . Herbal ethnomedicine of the Gwalior forest division in Madhya Pradesh[J]. India Pharmaceut Biol, 2000,38(4):241-253
[140]	Bhatnagar M, Shukla SD, Jain S, Mundra A . Cytoprotective effects of Shankhpushpi an E. alsenoids preparation on hippocampal cells in mice[J]. Indian Drugs, 2000,37(6):280-285
	Bhatnagar M, Shukla SD, Jain S, Mundra A . Cytoprotective effects of Shankhpushpi an E. alsenoids preparation on hippocampal cells in mice[J]. Indian Drugs, 2000,37(6):280-285
[141]	Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, Lafon L, Arredondo F, Dajas F, Tripathi PC, Seal T, Mukherjee B . Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegerative diseases[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2003,84(2-3):31-138 doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00264-7
[142]	Cervenka F , Jahodár L. Plant metabolites as nootropics and cognitives[J]. Ceska Slov Farm, 2006,55(5):219-229 pmid: 17128592
[143]	Allimuthu M, Venilla M. Catalogue of siddha antimalarial herbs[2009-05-23]. .
[144]	Upadhyay VP . Therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herb in mental disorders[J]. Vedic Path, 1986,69(1):24-29
[145]	Kumar V . Potential medicinal plants for CNS disorders: an overview[J]. Phytother Res, 2006,20(12):1023-1035 doi: 10.1002/ptr.1970 pmid: 16909441
[146]	Mudgal V . Studies on medicinal properties of Convulvulus pluricaulis and Boerhaavia diffusa[J]. Planta Med, 1975,28(1):62-68 doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097830
[147]	Barar FS, Sharma VN . Preliminary pharmacological studies on Convulvulus pluricaulis Chois: an Indian indigenous herb[J]. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1965,9(2):99-102
[148]	Dandiya PC . The pharmacological basis of herbal drugs acting on CNS[J]. East Pharm, 1990,33:39-47
	Dandiya PC . The pharmacological basis of herbal drugs acting on CNS[J]. East Pharm, 1990,33:39-47
[149]	Handa SS . Rasayana drugs, part II[J]. Pharma Times, 1994,26(3):17-25
[150]	Sharma VN, Barar FS, Khanna NK . Some pharmacological actions of Convulvulus pluricaulis Chois: an Indian indigenous herb. II.[J]. Indian J Med Res, 1965,53(9):871-876
[151]	Dhingra D, Valecha R . Evaluation of the antidepressant-like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2007,13(7):155-161
[152]	Dhingra D, Valecha R . Screening for antidepressant-like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in mice[J]. Pharmacologyonline, 2007,1:262-278
[153]	Boominathan R, Parimaladevi B, Mandal SC . Studies on neuropharmacological effects of Clitorea ternatea Linn. root extract in rats and mice[J]. Nat Prod Sci, 2003,9(4):260-263
[154]	Jain NN, Ohal CC, Shroff SK, Bhutada RH, Somani RS, Kasture VS, Kasture SB . Clitorea ternatea and the CNS[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2003,75(3):529-536 doi: 10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00130-8
	Jain NN, Ohal CC, Shroff SK, Bhutada RH, Somani RS, Kasture VS, Kasture SB . Clitorea ternatea and the CNS[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2003,75(3):529-536
[155]	Shukla SP . Anti-anxiety agents of plant origin[J]. Probe, 1981,30(3):201-208
[156]	Dikshit SK, Tewari PV, Dixit SP . Anticonvulsant activity of Canscora decussata Roem. & Sch[J]. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1972,16(1):81-83 pmid: 5025969
[157]	Dixit SP . Effect of certain indigenous drugs in convulsion in children[J]. JRIM, 1971,6(2):214-224
[158]	Bhattacharya SK, Ghosal S, Sanyal AK . Monoamine oxidase-inhibiting activity of mangiferin isolated from Canscora decussata[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 1972,59(12):651 doi: 10.1007/BF00609562 pmid: 4540402
[159]	Cervenka F, Koleckar V, Rehakova Z . Evaluation of natural substances from Evolvulus alsinoides L. with the purpose of determining their antioxidant potency[J]. J Enzym Inhib Med Chem, 2008,23(4):574-578 doi: 10.1080/14756360701674421
	Cervenka F, Koleckar V, Rehakova Z . Evaluation of natural substances from Evolvulus alsinoides L. with the purpose of determining their antioxidant potency[J]. J Enzym Inhib Med Chem, 2008,23(4):574-578
[160]	Rice Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga J . Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds[J]. Trends Plant Sci, 1977,2:152-159 doi: 10.1016/S1360-1385(97)01018-2
	Rice Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga J . Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds[J]. Trends Plant Sci, 1977,2:152-159
[161]	Chaturvedi M, Mali PC, Dixit VP . Hypolipidaemic effect of Convulvulus microphyllus in cholesterol fed gerbils[J]. J Phytological Res, 1995,8(2):153-155
	Chaturvedi M, Mali PC, Dixit VP . Hypolipidaemic effect of Convulvulus microphyllus in cholesterol fed gerbils[J]. J Phytological Res, 1995,8(2):153-155
[162]	Ganju L, Karan D, Chanda S, Srivastava KK, Sawhney RC, . Selvamurthy W . Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin[J]. Biomed Pharmaco-ther, 2003,57(7):296-300 doi: 10.1016/S0753-3322(03)00095-7 pmid: 14499177
[163]	Panda S, Kar A . Inhibition of T3 production in levothyroxine-treated female mice by the root extract of Convulvulus pluricaulis[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2001,33(1):16-18 doi: 10.1055/s-2001-12620
[164]	Daisy P, Priya N, Rajathi M . Immunomodulatory activity of Eugenia jambolana, Clitorea ternatea and Phyllanthus emblica on alloxon induced diabetic rats[J]. J.Exp Zool, 2004,7(2):269-278
	Daisy P, Priya N, Rajathi M . Immunomodulatory activity of Eugenia jambolana, Clitorea ternatea and Phyllanthus emblica on alloxon induced diabetic rats[J]. J.Exp Zool, 2004,7(2):269-278
[165]	Madan B, Ghosh B . Canscora decussata promotes adhesion of neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cells[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2002,79(2):229-235 doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00386-5 pmid: 11801386
[166]	Honda T, Saito N, Kusano T . Isolation of anthocyanins(Ternatin A1, A2, B1, B2, D1, and D2) from Clitorea ternatea(double blue) having blood platelet aggregation-inhibiting and vascular smooth muscle relaxing activities[M].: Japan Kokai Tokyo Koho, 1991,: 7
[167]	Thenmozhi V, Elango V, Sadique J . Anti-inflammatory activity of some Indian medicinalplants[J]. Anc Sci Life, 1989,8(3-4):258-261 pmid: 3336731
[168]	Parimaladevi B, Boominathan R, Mandal SC . Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of Clitorea ternatea root[J]. Fitoterapia, 2003,74(4):345-349 doi: 10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00057-1 pmid: 12781804
[169]	Shankarnarayan D, Gopalkrishnan C, Kameswaran L . Effect of mangostin, 3, 6-di-O-glucoside and mangiferin in CCl4 liver injury in rats[J]. Mediscope, 1979,22(3):65-68
[170]	Madan B, Mandal BC, Kumar S, Ghosh B . Canscora decussata(Roxb.) Schult(Gentianaceae) inhibits LPS-induced expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells and carageenan-induced paw-edema in rats[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2003,89(2-3):211-216 doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00281-2
[171]	Dey D, Das MN . Pharmacognosy of antidysenteric drugs of Indian medicine[J]. Acta Bot Indica, 1988,16(2):216-226
[172]	Purohit MG, Shanthaveerappa GK, Badami S . Antiulcer and anticatatonic activity of alcoholic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides(Convolvulaceae).[J]. Indian J Pharm Sci, 1996,58(3):110-112
[173]	Purohit MG, Shanthaveerappa GK, Badami S . Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides(Convolvulaceae)[J]. Indian J Microbiology, 1995,35:77-78
[174]	Kamanzi AK , KonéM, Terreaux C, Traore D, Hostettmann K, Dosso M. Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of medicinal plants from the Ivory Coast[J]. Phytother Res, 2002,16(5):497-502 doi: 10.1002/ptr.970 pmid: 12203276
[175]	Dash GK, Suresh P, Sahu SK, Kar DM, Ganapaty S, Panda SB . Evaluation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.for anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities[J]. J Nat Rem, 2002,2(2):19-22
[176]	Tharan NT, Vadivu R, Palanisamy M . Antibacterial activity of Evolvulus alsinoides[J]. Indian Drugs, 2003,40(10):585-586
	Tharan NT, Vadivu R, Palanisamy M . Antibacterial activity of Evolvulus alsinoides[J]. Indian Drugs, 2003,40(10):585-586
[177]	Gupta RC, Mudgal V . Anti-fungal effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis(Shankapushpi)[J]. J Res Indian Med, 1974,9(2):67
[178]	Bhakuni RS, Tripathi AK, Shukla YN . Insect antifeedant constituent from Convulvulus microphyllus(L.) Sieb[J]. Phytother Res, 1996,10(2):170-171 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1573
	Bhakuni RS, Tripathi AK, Shukla YN . Insect antifeedant constituent from Convulvulus microphyllus(L.) Sieb[J]. Phytother Res, 1996,10(2):170-171
[179]	Osborn RW, De Samblanx GW, Thevissen K, Goderis I, Torrekens S, Van Leuven F, Attenborough S, Rees SB, Broekaert WF . Isolation and characterization of plant defensins from seeds of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Hippocastanaceae and Saxifragaceae[J]. FEBS Lett, 1995,368(2):257-262 doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00666-W
[180]	Alam MM, Siddiqui MB, Hussain W . Treatment of diabetes through herbal drugs in rural India[J]. Fitoterpia, 1990,61(3):240-242
[181]	Sharma AK, Majumdar M . Some observations on the effect of Clitorea ternatea Linn. on changes in serum sugar level and small intestinal mucosal carbohydrase activities in alloxan diabetes[J]. Calcut Med J, 1990,87(11-12):168-171
[182]	Sairam K, Rao CV, Goel RK . Effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis Chois on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 2001,39(4):350-354
[183]	Piala JJ, Madissoo H, Rubin B . Diuretic activity of roots of Clitorea ternatea L. in dogs[J]. Experientia, 1962,18:89 doi: 10.1007/BF02138275 pmid: 14486285
[184]	Madan BR . Spermicidal activity of Canscora decussata an Indian indigenous drug[J]. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 1960,20(1):88-94 pmid: 14419657
[185]	Tyagi SD, Singh N, Joneja S, Agarwal SC . Crude powder of Canscora decussata Roem et Sch: as spermicidal agent in albino rats[J]. Acta Bot Indica, 1990,18(1):139-140
[186]	Ratnasooriya WD, Hewageegana HGSP, Jayakody JRAC . Gastroprotective activity of Evolvulus alsinoides L. powder[J]. Aust J Med Herbalism, 2005,17:55-60
[187]	De S, Ravishankar B, Bhaskar GC . Plants with hepatoprotective activity: a review[J]. Indian Drugs, 1998,80(8):355-363
	De S, Ravishankar B, Bhaskar GC . Plants with hepatoprotective activity: a review.[J]. Indian Drugs, 1998,80(8):355-363
[188]	Rakhit S, Basu NK . Investigation on Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy.[J]. Indian J Pharm, 1958,20:357-359
[189]	Chaturvedi GN, Sharma RK, Sen SP . Hypotensive effect of certain indigenous drugs with special reference to Shankhapuspi(C. pluricaulis) in anaesthetised dogs[J]. J Res Indian Med, 1966,1(1):57-67.
[190]	Ghosal S, Biswas K, Chaudhuri RK . Chemical constituents of gentianaceae ⅩⅩⅣ: anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of naturally occurring xanthones and synthetic analogs[J]. J Pharm Sci, 1978,67(5):721-722 doi: 10.1002/jps.2600670546
[191]	Ghosal S, Chaudhuri RK . Chemical constituents of gentianaceae ⅩⅣ: antitubercular activity of xanthones of Canscora decussata Schult[J]. J Pharm Sci, 1975,64(5):888-889 doi: 10.1002/jps.2600640543
	Ghosal S, Chaudhuri RK . Chemical constituents of gentianaceae ⅩⅣ: antitubercular activity of xanthones of Canscora decussata Schult[J]. J Pharm Sci, 1975,64(5):888-889
[192]	Singh KK, Prakash A . National seminar on the use of traditional medicinal plants in skin care[M]. Lucknow: CMAP, 1994,: 30
[193]	Upadhye AS, Vartak VD, Kumbhojkar MS . Ethno-medico-botanical studies in Western Maharashtra, India[J]. Ethnobotany, 1994,6(1 & 2):25-31
[194]	Dandekar UP, Chandra RS, Dalvi SS, Joshi MV, Gokhale C, Sharma AV, Shah PU, Kshirsagar NA . Analysis of a clinically important interaction between phenytoin and Shankhapushpi, an Ayurvedic preparation[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 1992,35(3):285-288 doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(92)90026-N
[195]	Moharana D, Moharana S . A clinical trial of Mentat in patients with various types of epilepsy[J]. Probe, 1994,33(2):160-162
[196]	Sharan V, Khare M . A clinical trial of Mentat in children with behavioral problem[J]. Probe, 1991,3(1):12-22
[197]	Kulkarni SK, Verma A . BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal preparation improves learning and memory performance in mice[J]. Indian Drugs, 1993,30:97-107
[198]	Kulkarni SK, Sharma A . Reversal of diazepam withdrawal induced hyperactivity in mice by BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal preparation[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1994,32(12):886-888
[199]	Agrawal A, Dubey ML, Dubey GP . Effects of “Mentat” on memory anxiety scores of normal subjects in three age groups[J]. Pharmacopsychologia, 1990,3:43-45
[200]	Kulkarni SK, Verma A . Prevention of development of tolerance and dependence to opiate in mice by BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal psychotropic preparation[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1992,30(10):885-888
[201]	Kulkarni SK, Verma A . Protective effect of BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal preparation on alcohol abstinence-induced anxiety[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1993,31(5):435-439
[202]	Verma A, Kulkarni SK , . Effect of a herbal psychotropic preparation, BR-16A(Mentat), on performance of mice on elevated plus maze[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1991,29(12):1120-1123
[203]	Kulkarni SK, George B . Pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in animals: protective effect of BR-16A[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1995,33(6):424-427 pmid: 7590948
[204]	Bhattacharya SK . Behavioural studies on BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal psychotropic formulation[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1994,32(1):37-43 pmid: 8045603
[205]	Kulkarni SK, Verma A . Evidence for nootropic effect of BR-16A(Mentat), a herbal psychotropic preparation in mice[J]. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1992,36(1):28-34 pmid: 1597339
[206]	Sharma KP, Kushwaha HK, Sharma SS . A placebo-controlled trial on the efficacy of mentat in managing depressive disorders[J]. Probe, 1993,33(1):26-31
[207]	Bhattacharya SK . Nootropic effect of BR-16A(Mentat), a psychotropic herbal formulation, on cognitive deficits induced by prenatal undernutrition, postnatal environmental impoverishment and hypoxia in rats[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1994,32(1):31-36
[208]	Bhardwaj SK, Srivastava KK . Effect of a composite Indian herbal preparation, CIHP(Ⅲ) on avoidance learning during endurance performance of rats[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 1995,33(8):580-584
[209]	Tripathi M, Sundaram R, Rafiq MD, Venkataranganna MV, Gopumadhavan S, Mitra SK . Pharmacokinetic interactions of Mentat with carbamazepine and phenytoin[J]. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2000,25(3-4):223-226 doi: 10.1007/BF03192318
[210]	Singh RH, Mehta AK . Studies on the psychotropic effect of the Medhya Rasayana drug[J]. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopath, 1977,12(3):18
[211]	Shukla SP . A comparative study on the barbiturate hypnosis potentiation effect of medhya rasayana drugs Shankhapushpi(Convulvulus pluricaulis[J]. Bull Medico-Ethno-Bot Res, 1980,1(4):554-560
[212]	Pandit RK, Prasad GC . Role of thyrocap in the treatment of simple diffuse goitre: a case report[J]. JREIM, 1992,11(3):21-24
[213]	Juma HK, Abdulrazak SA, Muinga RW, Ambula MK . Evaluation of Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows[J]. Livestock Sci, 2006,103(1-2):23-29 doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2005.12.006
	Juma HK, Abdulrazak SA, Muinga RW, Ambula MK . Evaluation of Clitorea, Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows[J]. Livestock Sci, 2006,103(1-2):23-29
[214]	Devi UK, Swarup A . Evaluation of clinical efficacy of Menotab in alleviating symptoms of menopausal syndrome: phase Ⅲ open clinical trial[J]. Antiseptic, 2000,98(3):87-89
[215]	Singh A . Review of ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacology of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn[J]. Ethnobot Leafl, 2008,12:734-740
[216]	Nahata A, Patil UK, Dixit VK . Anxiolytic activity of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convulvulus pluricaulis in rodents[J]. Pharmaceut Biol, 2009,47(5):444-451 doi: 10.1080/13880200902822596
[217]	Mehta CR, Shah NB . Studies on Evolvulus alsinoides Linn[J]. Indian J Appllied Chem, 1959,22(1):6
[218]	Palpu P, Rawat AKS, Rao CV, Srivastava SK, Govindarajan R . Health promoting functional foods fortified with herbs. USA: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2008.
[219]	Andrade C . ECT-induced anterograde amnesia: can the deficits be minimized?[J]. Conv Ther, 1994,10(1):59 doi: 10.1016/0010-440X(94)90062-M pmid: 8055293
[220]	Andrade C, Udaya HB, Chandra JS . BR-16A(Mentat) restricts development of ECS-induced retrograde amnesia[J]. Biol Psychiat, 1995,37:820 doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00039-J pmid: 7647168
[221]	Joseph J, Venkataraman BV, Rani MA, Andrade C . BR-16A(Mentat) protects against ECS-induced anterograde amnesia[J]. Biol Psychiat, 1994,36(7):478-481 doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)90644-0 pmid: 7811845
[222]	Faruqi S, Chittaranjan A, Ramteke S, Joseph J, Venkataraman BV, Naga Rani MA . Herbal pharmacotherapy for the attenuation of ECS-induced anterograde and retrograde amnesic deficits[J]. Conv Ther, 1995,11(4):241
[223]	Ramteke S, Andrade C, Faruqi S, Joseph Jerry, Venkataraman BV, Nagarani MA . BR-16A(Mentat) attenuates anterograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shocks in slow learning rats[J]. Indian J Pharmacol, 1995,27(3):186-188
[224]	Andrade C, Raj T, Udaya HB, Suresh Chandra J . Effect of BR-16A(Mentat) on α-2 adrenergic, dopamine autoreceptor and dopamine post-synaptic receptor functioning[J]. Indian J Pharmacol, 1994,26:292-295
[225]	Andrade C . The herbal treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a possible role for BR-16A(Mentat)[J]. Indian J Psychol Med, 1996,19(2):82
[226]	Agarwal U, Dixit SP, Dubey GP . The management of post-stroke functional disability by an indigenous formulation Mentat[J]. Indian Pract, 1994,47(9):759-761
[227]	Kumar A, Kulkarni SK . Protective effect of BR-16A, a polyherbal preparation against social isolation stress: possible GABAergic mechanism[J]. Phytother Res, 2006,20(7):538-541 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1573
[228]	Ahmad S, Zafar RU, Sahid M . Anticonvulsant potenital of callus cultures of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb[J]. OPEM, 2007,7(1):46-50
[229]	Gupta RC, Singh PM, Prasad GC, Udupa KN . Probable mode of action of Shankhpushpi in the management of thyrotoxicosis[J]. Anc Sci Life, 1981,1(1):46-54 pmid: 24
[230]	Asthana S, Greig NH, Holloway HW, Raffaele KC, Berardi A, Schapiro MB, Rapoport SI, Soncrant TT . Clinical pharmacokinetics of arecoline in subjects with Alzheimer’s disease[J]. Clin Pharmacol Therap, 1996,60(3):276-282 doi: 10.1016/S0009-9236(96)90054-5
[231]	Mirzaev YR, Aripova SF . Neuro- and psychopharmacological investigation of the alkaloids convolvine and atropine.[J]. Chem Nat Comp, 1998,34(1):56-58 doi: 10.1007/BF02249687
	Mirzaev YR, Aripova SF . Neuro- and psychopharmacological investigation of the alkaloids convolvine and atropine.[J]. Chem Nat Comp, 1998,34(1):56-58
[232]	Penza M, Montani C, Jeremic M, Mazzoleni G, Wendy Hsiao WL, Marra M, Sharma H, Di Lorenzo D . MAK-4 and -5 supplemented diets inhibit liver carcinogenesis in mice[J]. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2007,7:19 doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-7-19 pmid: 17559639
[233]	Marin A, Carias D, Cioccia AM, Hevia P . Nutritional value of Musa paradisiaca and Clitorea ternatea leaves as diluents for chicken rations[J]. Interciencia, 2003,28(1):51-57
[234]	Nag G, De B . Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of the Indian medicinal plant "Shankhapushpi" used for enhancing memory function[J]. J Complement Integr Med, 2008,5(1):26
[235]	Rajagopalan V. Seminar on research in Ayurveda and Siddha. New Delhi[J].CCRAS , 1995, 20-22:34
[236]	Singh HB , Viswanathan MV. Need for authentication of market samples of crude drug Shankhpushpi Convolvulus microphyllus.[J]. J Med Arom Plant Sci, 2000, 22(4a), 23(1a):612-618

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Comments

Recommended 10

[1]	Jin-rong Fu. Establishment of multivariate diagnosis and treatment system of modern gynecology of traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 22-24
[2]	Hao Li, Ming-jiang Yao, Wen-ming Zhao, Jie Guan, Lin-lin Cai, Ling Cui. A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of Huannao Yicong capsule in senile patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 25-31
[3]	Zhi-chun Jin. Problems in establishing clinical guideline for integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 5-8
[4]	SUN Ming-yu, ZUO Jian, DUAN Ji-feng, HAN Jun, FAN Shi-ming, ZHANG Wei, ZHU Li-fang, YAO Ming-hui. Antitumor activities of kushen flavonoids in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 51-59
[5]	Min Cheng, Qiong Feng, Shu-wen Qian, Hui Gao, Cui-qing Zhu. Preliminary assay of p-amyloid binding elements in heart-beneficial recipe. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 68-72
[6]	Ning-qun Wang, Liang-duo Jiang, Zong-xing Li. Research progress in asthma-related quality of life. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2008, 6(1): 93-97
[7]	Jing-yuan Mao, Chang-xiao Liu, Heng-he Wang, Guang-li Wei , Zhen-peng Zhang, Jie Xing, Wang Xian liang , Ying-fei Bi . Effects of Shenmai Injection on serum concentration and pharmacokinetics of digoxin in dogs with heart failure. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1070-1074
[8]	Zhi-mei Wang, Bin Zhang. A study on translation of ellipses in Huangdi Neijing from perspective of hermeneutic theory. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2010, 8(11): 1097-1100
[9]	Gui Yu, Jie Wang. Thinking on building the network cardiovasology of Chinese medicine. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(11): 1206-1210
[10]	Pedro Saganha João, Doenitz Christoph, Greten Tobias, Efferth Thomas, J. Greten Henry. Qigong therapy for physiotherapists suffering from burnout: a preliminary study. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2012, 10(11): 1233-1239

Taxonomic hierarchy	E. alsinoides	C. pluricaulis	C. ternatea	C. decussata
Kingdom	Plantae	Plantae	Plantae	Plantae
Sub-kingdom	Tracheobionta	Tracheobionta	Tracheobionta	Tracheobionta
Super-division	Spermatophyta	Spermatophyta	Spermatophyta	Spermatophyta
Division	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida	Magnoliopsida	Magnoliopsida	Magnoliopsida
Sub-class	Asteridae	Asteridae	Rosidae	Asteridae
Order	Solanales	Solanales	Fabales	Gentianales
Family	Convolvulaceae	Convolvulaceae	Fabaceae	Gentianaceae
Genus	Evolvulus	Convulvulus	Clitorea	Canscora
Species	alsinoides	pluricaulis	ternatea	decussata

An update on Shankhpushpi, a cognition-boosting Ayurvedic medicine

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Abstract

Cite this article

Share this article