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Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine ›› 2011, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (9): 955-964.doi: 10.3736/jcim20110906

Special Issue: Traditional Chinese Medicine

• Original Clinical Research • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Traditional Chinese medicine syndrome factors of patients with HIV infection or AIDS in China

Feng Jiang1(), Lin-chun Fu2, Jian-ping Ma3, Qing Zhou4, Bo Peng5, Shi-ping Xie5, Hui-jun Guo1, Yong-xin Dong2, Xiu-lan Ma3, Xuan-xian Guo5, Zhong-li Xie5, Yan-ping Hu5, Qing-ya Li5, Hua-wei Li5, Yan-tao Jin1   

  1. 1. AIDS Clinical Center, No. 1 Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
    2. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
    3. Research Laboratory of AIDS, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi 830000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
    4. Science and Technology Department, Yunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650200, Yunnan Province, China
    5. Institute of AIDS, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan Province, China
  • Received:2011-03-23 Accepted:2011-05-11 Online:2011-09-20 Published:2011-09-15
  • Contact: Jiang Feng E-mail:jiangfengdoc@sohu.com

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Objective: To study the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome factors of patients from different areas of China with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Methods: A cross-sectional investigation study was conducted in Henan, Guangdong and Yunnan Provinces and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China from October 2008 to August 2010. Based on literature review and expert opinion, a clinical questionnaire of TCM syndromes was drawn up. This survey was carried out after the investigators were professionally trained. Wenfeng Ⅲ Auxiliary Diagnosis and Treat System of TCM was used to analyze the frequencies of AIDS patients’ signs and symptoms with scores above 70 of syndrome factors respectively. Based on this work, syndrome factors of AIDS were analyzed in different areas.

Results: There were 608 HIV/AIDS cases investigated from October 2008 to August 2010 in total; among them, 276 cases were from Henan, 126 cases from Guangdong, 120 cases from Xinjiang and 86 cases from Yunnan. The results of syndrome factor analysis indicated that the syndromes of four provinces were similar. HIV/AIDS patients in the four areas exhibited qi deficiency, blood deficiency, yin deficiency, yang deficiency, dampness, phlegm, qi stagnation and essence deficiency syndromes. Patients in each area also had their own characteristics, such as that the scores of dampness of Guangdong and yin deficiency of Xinjiang were higher than the other syndromes, whereas the scores of Henan Province were higher than the other areas. AIDS patients had higher scores of syndromes than HIV-infected patients.

Conclusion: HIV/AIDS patients from different areas had similar syndrome elements. The theory of “AIDS toxin injurying primordial qi” can sum up the TCM etiology and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS.

Key words: AIDS, syndrome factors, etiology and pathogenesis, cross-section survey

Table 1

Characteristics of baseline of HIV-infected patients in four regions"

Group HIV-infected cases Age ($\overline{x}$±s, years)
Male Female
Hennan (n=101) 54 47 45.88±8.29
Guangdong (n=41) 22 19 38.85±10.34
Xinjiang (n=40) 24 16 37.68±6.53
Yunnan (n=26) 8 18 38.73±10.86

Table 2

Characteristics of baseline of AIDS patients in four regions"

Group AIDS cases Age ($\overline{x}$±s, years)
Male Female
Hennan (n=175) 106 69 45.94±8.57
Guangdong (n=85) 62 23 38.17±8.53
Xinjiang (n=80) 57 23 37.40±9.65
Yunnan (n=60) 36 24 39.72±10.81

Table 3

Scores of syndrome factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Henan Province ($\overline{x}$±s)"

Group n Qi-deficiency Yang-deficiency Yin-deficiency Blood-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 51 74.31±78.25 36.47±52.63 70.82±71.84 59.22±70.96
CD4+<350 cells/μL 50 143.70±118.19 101.58±99.21 112.18±84.67 95.34±81.98
AIDS 175 203.39±91.96 165.22±86.34 134.37±75.24 128.98±74.61
P value Pin=0.002;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.001;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.009;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.075		 Pin=0.020;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.006
Group n Dampness Phlegm Essence-deficiency Qi-stagnation
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 51 64.31±76.51 66.08±64.35 22.35±39.41 6.18±27.74
CD4+<350 cells/μL 50 82.14±78.05 74.04±78.29 42.76±54.04 29.90±65.08
AIDS 175 128.58±70.29 99.75±76.17 54.17±50.52 46.17±57.51
P value Pin=0.249;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.578;
Pout1=0.004;
Pout2=0.038		 Pin=0.040;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.167		 Pin=0.017;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.088

Table 4

Positive rate of syndrome factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Henan Province"

Group n Qi-deficiency Yang-deficiency Yin-deficiency Blood-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 51 54.9% (28/51) 35.3% (18/51) 56.9% (29/51) 49.0% (25/51)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 50 72.0% (36/50) 60.0% (30/50) 61.2% (36/50) 64.0% (32/50)
AIDS 175 96.0% (168/175) 90.3% (158/175) 86.3% (151/175) 83.4% (146/175)
χ2 value 56.401 69.999 21.502 31.090
P value 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
Group n Dampness Phlegm Essence-deficiency Qi-stagnation
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 51 49.0% (25/51) 56.9% (29/51) 25.5% (13/51) 5.9% (3/51)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 50 58.0% (29/50) 54.0% (27/50) 42.0% (21/50) 21.6% (11/50)
AIDS 175 84.6% (148/175) 71.4% (125/175) 56.0% (98/175) 42.8% (75/175)
χ2 value 32.615 7.339 15.563 27.646
P value 0.001 0.025 0.001 0.001

Table 5

Scores of syndrome factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Guangdong Province ($\overline{x}$±s)"

Group n Qi-deficiency Dampness Blood-deficiency Yang-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+ >350 cells/μL 20 101.58±74.27 70.42±57.52 106.95±60.72 41.63±52.05
CD4+ <350 cells/μL 21 123.41±81.23 70.50±74.28 94.09±71.49 66.36±62.53
AIDS 85 166.86±72.67 130.59±58.13 125.99±81.22 114.91±77.23
P value Pin=0.378;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.016		 Pin=0.997;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.542;
Pout1=0.338;
Pout2=0.096		 Pin=0.181;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.008
Group n Phlegm Yin-deficiency Qi-stagnation Essence-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+ >350 cells/μL 20 15.26±38.35 25.00±44.91 3.68±16.06 29.63±45.17
CD4+ <350 cells/μL 21 50.91±59.79 55.91±71.06 17.73±33.65 28.64±43.95
AIDS 85 91.10±75.68 78.22±72.20 32.21±53.67 16.34±35.15
P value Pin=0.035;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.023		 Pin=0.146;
Pout1=0.002;
Pout2=0.197		 Pin=0.106;
Pout1=0.024;
Pout2=0.336		 Pin=0.943;
Pout1=0.145;
Pout2=0.155

Table 6

Positive rate of syndrome factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Guangdong Province"

Group n Qi-deficiency Dampness Blood-deficiency Yang-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 20 75.0% (15/20) 65.0% (13/20) 80.0% (16/20) 45.0% (9/20)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 21 85.7% (18/21) 57.1% (12/21) 71.4% (15/21) 61.9% (13/21)
AIDS 85 94.1% (80/85) 94.1% (80/85) 77.6% (66/85) 80.0% (68/85)
χ2 value 5.914 22.329 0.475 10.838
P value 0.052 0.001 0.789 0.004
Group n Phlegm Yin-deficiency Qi-stagnation Essence-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 20 20.0% (4/20) 30.0% (6/20) 10.0% (2/20) 35.0% (7/20)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 21 42.8% (9/21) 42.8% (9/21) 23.8% (5/21) 28.6% (6/21)
AIDS 85 65.9% (56/85) 61.2% (52/85) 29.4% (25/85) 18.8% (16/85)
χ2 value 15.200 7.398 3.253 2.700
P value 0.001 0.025 0.197 0.259

Table 7

Scores of syndrome factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ($\overline{x}$±s)"

Group n Qi-deficiency Yin-deficiency Blood-deficiency Dampness
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 20 63.25±64.99 52.35±64.75 47.00±74.14 39.55±62.95
CD4+<350 cells/μL 20 65.50±55.58 37.85±61.30 30.25±55.07 33.60±49.04
AIDS 80 147.28±56.41 124.06±82.43 97.26±69.43 89.73±70.63
P value Pin=0.907;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.472;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.410;
Pout1=0.005;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.741;
Pout1=0.005;
Pout2=0.001
Group n Phlegm Yang-deficiency Qi-stagnation Essence-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 20 36.25±47.15 24.00±60.82 5.00±22.36 4.75±21.24
CD4+<350 cells/μL 20 45.75±61.88 21.75±39.64 4.00±17.89 19.25±40.04
AIDS 80 59.94±70.99 44.15±63.58 28.25±48.31 40.81±50.75
P value Pin=0.588;
Pout1=0.216;
Pout2=0.415		 Pin=0.890;
Pout1=0.204;
Pout2=0.190		 Pin=0.877;
Pout1=0.036;
Pout2=0.031		 Pin=0.151;
Pout1=0.003;
Pout2=0.084

Table 8

Positive rate of syndrome factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region"

Group n Qi-deficiency Yin-deficiency Blood-deficiency Dampness
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 20 55.0% (11/20) 45.0% (9/20) 35.0% (7/20) 30.0% (6/20)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 20 65.0% (13/20) 30.0% (6/20) 25.0% (5/20) 35.0% (7/20)
AIDS 80 95.0% (76/80) 78.7% (63/80) 73.7% (59/80) 70.0% (56/80)
χ2 value 22.949 20.934 21.541 15.448
P value 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
Group n Phlegm Yang-deficiency Qi-stagnation Essence-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 20 40.0% (8/20) 15.0% (3/20) 5.0% (1/20) 5.0% (1/20)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 20 40.0% (8/20) 25.0% (5/20) 5.0% (1/20) 20.0% (4/20)
AIDS 80 48.7% (39/80) 37.5% (30/80) 44.0% (22/80) 42.5% (34/80)
χ2 value 0.822 4.236 10.108 11.966
P value 0.663 0.120 0.006 0.003

Table 9

Scores of syndrome factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Yunnan Province ($\overline{x}$±s)"

In: compared in HIV-infected groups; Out: compared with AIDS (1: CD4+>350 cells/μL; 2: CD4+<350 cells/μL). HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Group n Qi-deficiency Yang-deficiency Blood-deficiency Yin-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 13 34.77±66.27 18.08±44.13 35.38±58.96 20.00±38.13
CD4+<350 cells/μL 13 104.23±84.92 64.23±71.03 104.23±84.92 62.08±68.25
AIDS 60 126.44±98.79 89.44±94.10 86.95±92.99 82.88±81.67
P value Pin=0.029;
Pout1=0.390;
Pout2=0.002		 Pin=0.053;
Pout1=0.367;
Pout2=0.008		 Pin=0.027;
Pout1=0.492;
Pout2=0.067		 Pin=0.057;
Pout1=0.455;
Pout2=0.008
Group n Dampness Qi-stagnation Essence-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 13 40.15±67.85 0.00±0.00 11.92±29.12
CD4+<350 cells/μL 13 80.46±75.66 18.46±35.32 21.15±40.47
AIDS 60 67.68±72.00 31.61±50.41 20.00±41.62
P value Pin=0.166;
Pout1=0.568;
Pout2=0.212		 Pin=0.072;
Pout1=0.428;
Pout2=0.509		 Pin=0.511;
Pout1=0.928;
Pout2=0.604

Table 10

Positive rate of syndrome factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Yunnan Province"

Group n Qi-deficiency Yang-deficiency Blood-deficiency Yin-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 13 69.2% (9/13) 53.8% (7/13) 69.2% (9/13) 53.8% (7/13)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 13 23.1% (3/13) 15.4% (2/13) 30.7% (4/13) 23.1% (3/13)
AIDS 60 70.0% (42/60) 56.7% (34/60) 53.3% (32/60) 58.3% (35/60)
χ2 value 10.133 7.374 3.935 5.338
P value 0.006 0.025 0.140 0.069
Group n Dampness Qi-stagnation Essence-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 13 61.5% (8/13) 0.0% (0/13) 23.1% (3/13)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 13 30.7% (4/13) 15.4% (2/13) 15.4% (2/13)
AIDS 60 53.3% (32/60) 31.7% (19/60) 20.0% (12/60)
χ2 value 2.837 9.525 0.256
P value 0.242 0.009 0.880

Table 11

Scores of syndrome factors of 608 HIV/AIDS patients ($\overline{x}$±s)"

Group n Qi-deficiency Blood-deficiency Dampness Yin-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 104 72.20±75.07 62.64±70.60 57.58±69.92 52.37±65.43
CD4+<350 cells/μL 104 119.67±100.92 83.78±79.57 70.25±73.66 80.03±81.39
AIDS 400 172.97±87.91 115.80±79.59 112.26±72.12 112.64±80.71
P value Pin=0.001;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.044;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.205;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.012;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001
Group n Phlegm Yang-deficiency Essence-deficiency Qi-stagnation
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 104 45.92±58.75 32.68±53.09 18.96±37.12 4.71±22.80
CD4+<350 cells/μL 104 57.11±70.32 74.37±84.91 32.65±48.49 21.00±50.23
AIDS 400 81.81±77.17 119.01±93.82 38.33±49.02 37.44±54.31
P value Pin=0.302;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.003		 Pin=0.001;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001		 Pin=0.034;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.290		 Pin=0.001;
Pout1=0.001;
Pout2=0.001

Table 12

Positive rate of syndrome factors of 608 HIV/AIDS patients"

Group n Qi-deficiency Blood-deficiency Dampness Yin-deficiency
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 104 53.8% (56/104) 50.0% (52/104) 46.1% (48/104) 29.8% (31/104)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 104 74.0% (77/104) 58.6% (61/104) 53.8% (56/104) 56.7% (59/104)
AIDS 400 91.7% (367/400) 75.7% (303/400) 79.0% (316/400) 75.5% (302/400)
χ2 value 86.961 30.869 55.319 78.518
P value 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
Group n Phlegm Yang-deficiency Essence-deficiency Qi-stagnation
HIV-infected
CD4+>350 cells/μL 104 41.3% (43/104) 29.8% (31/104) 21.1% (22/104) 4.8% (5/104)
CD4+<350 cells/μL 104 45.2% (47/104) 53.8% (56/104) 33.6% (35/104) 19.2% (20/104)
AIDS 400 60.5% (242/400) 72.5% (290/400) 40.0% (160/400) 35.0% (140/400)
χ2 value 16.701 67.404 12.999 42.019
P value 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001
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