Hypno-cardiac physiology: Aiming for an organised study of the
physiological effects of hypnosis on the cardiovascular system#br#

Journal of Integrative Medicine ›› 2025, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (5): 457-461.

Hypno-cardiac physiology: Aiming for an organised study of the physiological effects of hypnosis on the cardiovascular system

Donato Giuseppe Leo ^a, Simon S. Keller ^a, Riccardo Proietti ^b,c

a. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX Merseyside, UK b.Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX Merseyside, UK c.Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L7 8TX Merseyside, UK

Received:2025-01-18 Accepted:2025-04-19 Online:2025-09-15 Published:2025-09-15
Contact: Donato Giuseppe Leo a E-mail:d.g.leo@liverpool.ac.uk

Abstract

Hypnosis is a promising tool in the management of various conditions, such as anxiety and chronic pain. Preliminary studies have shown that hypnosis can directly affect the cardiovascular system, as it increases parasympathetic activation and reduces sympathetic activity. However, the literature related to the effects of hypnosis on cardiovascular health is scarce, mainly due to misconceptions about hypnosis among researchers and medical professionals. This opinion paper examines the role that hypnosis may play in cardiovascular health, highlighting the physiological mechanisms behind it. The evidence suggests that hypnosis has both direct (e.g., changes in the activity of the autonomic nervous system) and indirect (e.g., changes in healthy behaviours) effects on the cardiovascular system; however, further studies are needed to properly define its mechanisms of action and its applicability in improving cardiovascular health. Thus, this opinion paper advocates the adoption of the term “hypno-cardiac physiology” to identify a new research area that gathers experts from neuroscience and cardiovascular science with the joint aim of seeking further understanding of the effects of hypnosis on the cardiovascular system. The adoption of a dedicated term to identify the study of the cardiovascular response to hypnosis will encourage its implementation in cardiovascular health interventions, promoting awareness of its effects among the public and the healthcare community, and promoting the formation of dedicated multidisciplinary research groups and dedicated educational training for healthcare professional interested in its applications.

Please cite this article as: Leo DG, Keller SS, Proietti R. Hypno-cardiac physiology: Aiming for an organised study of the physiological effects of hypnosis on the cardiovascular system. J Integr Med. 2025; 23(5):457–461.

Key words: font-family:ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, ", font-size:16px, ">Anxiety">Anxiety')">">, ">font-family:Arial, Hypnosis">Hypnosisfont-family:Arial, ')">">, font-family:Arial, Cardiac physiology">Cardiac physiologyfont-family:Arial, ')">">, font-family:Arial, Cardiovascular health">Cardiovascular healthfont-family:Arial, ')">">, font-family:Arial, Hypno-cardiac physiology')">">Hypno-cardiac physiology

Donato Giuseppe Leo, Simon S. Keller, Riccardo Proietti. Hypno-cardiac physiology: Aiming for an organised study of the physiological effects of hypnosis on the cardiovascular system. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2025, 23(5): 457-461.

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